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<p>This blog provides a tutorial on using <strong>Azure Disks</strong> as <strong>Persistent Volumes</strong> using Azure Kubernetes Service. It takes you through the dynamic provisioning of AKS with Azure Disks, explores some best practices regarding choosing between Azure Disk and Azure File Share, and some pitfalls developers hit into.</p>

how-to-use-azure-disk-as-a-persistent-volume-in-kubernetes

This blog provides a tutorial on using Azure Disks as Persistent Volumes using Azure Kubernetes Service. It takes you through the dynamic provisioning of AKS with Azure Disks, explores some best practices regarding choosing between Azure Disk and Azure File Share, and some pitfalls developers hit into.

Use Azure Disk as a Persistent Volume in Kubernetes: Step-by-Step Guide

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<h2 id="introduction-why-kubernetes-security-is-crucial"><a href="#introduction-why-kubernetes-security-is-crucial">Introduction: Why Kubernetes Security is Crucial</a></h2>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/kubernetes-security_uGj_B52cW.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="K8s security" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<p>Within a decade of its release,&nbsp;<a title="Kubernetes" href="https://kubernetes.io" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kubernetes</a>&nbsp;has become the cornerstone of orchestrating containers, abstracting the complexities of deploying and managing applications. As the saying, "With great power comes, great responsibility". This fits well with Kubernetes. It provides us flexibility and numerous other advantages, however, if not configured properly, it could pave the way for security challenges. Without proper security in your Kubernetes cluster, it is vulnerable to cyberattacks, data breaches, and misconfigurations. Here in this blog, we will deeply dive into&nbsp;<strong>Kubernetes security best practices</strong>&nbsp;that you can implement to safeguard your environment against potential vulnerabilities.</p>
<p>Kubernetes security points toward&nbsp;<strong>reducing your attack surface</strong> while ensuring that there are appropriate access and control communications in place within your cluster.</p>
<h2 id="some-stats-why-kubernetes-security-really-matters"><a href="#some-stats-why-kubernetes-security-really-matters">Some Stats: Why Kubernetes Security Really Matters?</a></h2>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/k8s-security-stats_LN6_rgmi_.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="k8s-security-stats" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<p>The statistics of a report led by Red Hat, reveal the year 2023 saw that 45% of organizations faced vulnerability issues of incidents caused by misconfiguring Kubernetes. Another survey done by ARMO depicts Kubernetes practitioners who agreed that there is at least one high-severity misconfiguration in 65% of clusters. With these stats, we can say the security of your Kubernetes clusters is one of the most important factors for preventing the access and theft of your data and other types of security incidents.</p>
<h2 id="what-are-the-security-risks"><a href="#what-are-the-security-risks">What Are the Security Risks?</a></h2>
<p>To fix something, we must first know what is wrong. Therefore, before presenting our solutions, we will first consider some of the most common icebergs that could potentially sink our Kubernetes.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<h3 id="unsecured-or-malicious-container-images"><a href="#unsecured-or-malicious-container-images">Unsecured or Malicious Container Images:</a></h3>
<p>Most security breaches could easily originate from insecure or malicious images that have outdated software, misconfigurations, hidden malware, or infected third-party dependencies. For instance, several docker images were found to mine cryptocurrency in 2018 thus draining user systems unknowingly.</p>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="unencrypted-network-traffic"><a href="#unencrypted-network-traffic">Unencrypted Network Traffic:</a></h3>
<p>By default pods in Kubernetes communicate with each other. This creates an opportunity for hackers since sensitive information and internal communications could be intercepted or manipulated.</p>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="insecure-default-configurations"><a href="#insecure-default-configurations">Insecure Default Configurations:</a></h3>
<p>It should be noted that Kubernetes usually has not been preconfigured for maximum security but rather you as the end-user must do this to minimize risks.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="how-to-secure-kubernetes-best-practices"><a href="#how-to-secure-kubernetes-best-practices">How to Secure Kubernetes: Best Practices</a></h2>
<figure><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/k8s-best-practices_ULnRl3cYP.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="k8s-best-practices" width="100%" height="auto"></figure>
<p>Knowing the threats, let's cover some best practices you can implement to secure your clusters in Kubernetes.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<h3 id="securing-network-traffic-in-kubernetes-with-network-policies"><a href="#securing-network-traffic-in-kubernetes-with-network-policies">Securing Network Traffic in Kubernetes with Network Policies</a></h3>
<p>Network Policies control the flow of network traffic between pods. They are pod-level firewalls that determine which services and other sources may talk to each other.</p>
<p>By default, all pods can communicate with each other. Network policies enable you to set very stringent rules about who can communicate with whom to limit unnecessary or malicious connections.</p>
<p>Following are two tricks you can use with Network Policies:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Deny All by Default:</strong> Block everything by default and then selectively open those connections that are necessary.</li>
<li><strong>Isolate Namespaces:</strong> The network policies can then be used to separate sensitive applications from less sensitive applications.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="pod-security-admission-psa-built-in-security-in-kubernetes"><a href="#pod-security-admission-psa-built-in-security-in-kubernetes">Pod Security Admission (PSA): Built-in security in Kubernetes</a></h3>
<p>Since PSP (Pod Security Policy) is deprecated, Pod Security Admission (PSA) is now the recommended mechanism to enforce pod security standards.</p>
<p>The mechanism of Pod Security Admission has been envisioned to prevent the creation or updating of a pod in case predefined security requirements defined for the running namespace are not met.</p>
<p>There are three main security levels:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Privileged:</strong> The least restrictive and meant for trusted workloads.</li>
<li><strong>Baseline:</strong> A general set of best practices that is suitable for most applications.</li>
<li><strong>Restricted:</strong> Secure by default for high-risk environments.</li>
</ul>
<p>Just tag your namespaces with the security level you want (privileged, baseline, or restricted). Security policies will be automatically applied to create a pod.</p>
<p>Here is an example of a Pod manifest for Pod Security Admission with the profile "restricted".</p>
<figure><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/secure-vs-insecure-pod_7McGDP4X5.png?tr=n-lg" alt="secure-vs-insecure-pod" width="100%" height="auto"></figure>
<p>This configuration enforces the restricted security level on the namespace, which ensures that the pod runs with reduced privileges.</p>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="kubernetes-secrets-protecting-secret-information"><a href="#kubernetes-secrets-protecting-secret-information">Kubernetes Secrets: Protecting Secret Information</a></h3>
<p>Secrets are objects to keep sensitive information, such as API keys, passwords, and certificates. By default, Secrets are stored in plain text in etcd. If they are compromised, they can be dangerous. To safeguard your sensitive information, follow the guidelines below:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Encrypt Secrets at Rest:</strong> Encrypt secrets in etcd by enabling the Kubernetes encryption providers.</li>
<li><strong>Use external secrets management tools:</strong> Integrate tools such as HashiCorp Vault, AWS Secrets Manager, and Azure Key Vault for secure, reliable administration, and retrieval of information.</li>
<li><strong>akv2k8s utility:</strong> Use this utility to provision secret resources, certificates, and keys from Azure Key Vault into Kubernetes as native secrets or inject them directly into containers, avoiding direct dependencies on Azure Key Vault.</li>
<li><strong>Access Secret:</strong> Use RBAC to limit which users or services can access secrets, applying the principle of least privilege.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="role-based-access-control-rbac-access-management"><a href="#role-based-access-control-rbac-access-management">Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): Access Management</a></h3>
<p>RBAC is an access control technique where a system limits access based on roles; thus, a user or service only gains permission to act after one has adopted the roles.</p>
<p>Without appropriate access controls, anyone with access to the Kubernetes API could potentially hold the privileges needed to compromise other parts of the system via privilege escalation attacks.</p>
<p>RBAC best practices always come in handy:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Least Privilege:</strong> Always use minimal permissions required.</li>
<li><strong>Periodic Reevaluation of Roles:</strong> Never allow roles to possess unneeded privileges for a long time.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="encrypting-traffic-using-kubernetes-ingress-and-tls"><a href="#encrypting-traffic-using-kubernetes-ingress-and-tls">Encrypting Traffic Using Kubernetes Ingress and TLS</a></h3>
<p>Kubernetes Ingress allows external traffic to access services within a cluster. This implies that external connections must be secured through TLS (Transport Layer Security).</p>
<p>This encrypted traffic preserves sensitive information from falling into the hands of attackers as it passes through the Ingress point.</p>
<p>All traffic Ingresses will be served over TLS certificates, ensuring confidentiality and integrity for that traffic on external connections.</p>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="minimizing-attack-surface-base-container-images"><a href="#minimizing-attack-surface-base-container-images">Minimizing Attack Surface: Base Container Images</a></h3>
<p>Your base container image is the root of all containers in your Kubernetes environment, so it's critical to ensure that it is secure.</p>
<p>If your base image has vulnerabilities, all containers created from that image inherit those same vulnerabilities.</p>
<p>Follow these best practices for minimizing the attack surface:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Use multistage builds:</strong> Keep your containers as lean as possible.</li>
<li><strong>Scan your images frequently:</strong> Use tools like Trivy or Clair for security vulnerabilities.</li>
</ul>
<p>Read more of my blog posts on <a title="Container Image Security and Dockerfile Optimization" href="../../blog/docker-optimisation-multistage-dockerfiles">Container Image Security and Dockerfile Optimization</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="keeping-kubernetes-components-regularly-patched-and-updated"><a href="#keeping-kubernetes-components-regularly-patched-and-updated">Keeping Kubernetes Components Regularly Patched and Updated</a></h3>
<p>Outdated Kubernetes components can pose the greatest risk. Ensure that you have the most recent versions of Kubernetes and ancillary tools at all times.</p>
<p>Using managed services like Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE) or Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS), which can be configured to apply updates automatically. But if you are operating your clusters, maintain regular patching of control planes and worker nodes.</p>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="resource-limits-preventing-resource-abuse"><a href="#resource-limits-preventing-resource-abuse">Resource Limits: Preventing Resource Abuse</a></h3>
<p>Setting resource limits prevents pods from using excessive CPU or memory, leading to resource exhaustion or, worse, denial of service.</p>
<p>Set CPU and memory limits for each container in your cluster so that resource usage is fair.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>So, Kubernetes security is not something you set up and forget about; you have to check and monitor it, patch it as well, and audit it constantly. Implement best practices, including RBAC, PSA, Network Policies, and Secrets Management, to create a resilient Kubernetes environment against the newer security threat models.</p>
<p>Remember, as Kubernetes changes, so does the security posture. Stay up-to-date with the constant stream of tools, strategies, and patches that emerge to always keep your clusters ahead of the security curve.</p>

<p>This post elaborates on the proper security of Kubernetes, with the main focus on how to protect clusters from common misconfigurations and vulnerabilities</p>

securing-kubernetes-best-practices-for-robust-cluster

This post elaborates on the proper security of Kubernetes, with the main focus on how to protect clusters from common misconfigurations and vulnerabilities. Some of the points covered include enforcing RBAC, using network policies, and ensuring the secrets have the appropriate amount of control. More importantly, this post emphasizes the use of PSA controllers instead of deprecated Pod Security Policies along with resource limits and regular cluster audits.

Securing Kubernetes: Best Practices for Robust Cluster

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<p>In this blog, we walk you through the ins and outs of Docker and how you can make your <strong>Docker images leaner, faster</strong>, and more secure using multistage Dockerfiles. If you suffer from long build times or if you have <strong>Docker images</strong> carrying unnecessary weight, the multistage builds might just offer a simple yet powerful solution in return. In this blog, we are going to explain the concept in full, let you know why it is worth your time, and take you through a practical example showing just how much of a difference <strong>multistage Dockerfiles</strong> can make. If you want to know how to be the best at working with Docker, this blog is for you.</p>

Optimizing Docker Images with Multistage Dockerfiles

In this blog, we walk you through the ins and outs of Docker and how you can make your Docker images leaner, faster, and more secure using multistage Dockerfiles. If you suffer from long build times or if you have Docker images carrying unnecessary weight, the multistage builds might just offer a simple yet powerful solution in return. In this blog, we are going to explain the concept in full, let you know why it is worth your time, and take you through a practical example showing just how much of a difference multistage Dockerfiles can make. If you want to know how to be the best at working with Docker, this blog is for you.

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<p>The shared nature of <a title="Docker containers" href="https://www.docker.com/resources/what-container/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Docker containers</a>, all running on the same host OS kernel, emphasizes the <strong>importance of container security</strong>. A single compromised container can threaten the entire host system, along with other containers. This vulnerability highlights the necessity for robust security measures throughout the container lifecycle.</p>
<h2 id="best-practices-for-docker-container-security"><a href="#best-practices-for-docker-container-security">Best Practices for Docker Container Security</a></h2>
<p>To ensure your <strong>Docker environment is secure</strong>, it is crucial to adhere to the following best practices:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<h3 id="avoid-running-containers-as-root"><a href="#avoid-running-containers-as-root">Avoid Running Containers as Root</a></h3>
<p>When you launch a container using <code>docker run</code>, Docker creates namespaces and control groups to isolate the container's processes. These namespaces act as the first line of defence, ensuring that processes within a container cannot interfere with other containers or the host system.</p>
<p>However, running a container as the root user compromises this security. If a root process within a container is exploited, it can potentially gain root access to the host system. To mitigate this risk, containers should not be run as root.</p>
<p>You can create a non-root user within the Dockerfile using the <code>USER</code> instruction. Even if the image runs as root by default, you can override this by using the <code>-u</code> or <code>--user</code> option when starting the container. Additionally, using the <code>--security-opt no-new-privileges</code> flag prevents users from escalating their privileges within the container.</p>
<p>Consider utilizing Docker's rootless mode, which allows both the Docker daemon and containers to run without root privileges, further reducing the risk of security vulnerabilities.</p>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="leverage-linux-capabilities"><a href="#leverage-linux-capabilities">Leverage Linux Capabilities</a></h3>
<p>Containers are essentially processes running on the host system, and the permissions they receive depend on how they are launched. <strong>To enhance security, containers should be given the least privileges necessary to function.</strong></p>
<p>Linux capabilities allow for fine-grained control over privileges, breaking the traditional superuser powers into distinct units. Best practices suggest dropping all unnecessary capabilities with <code>--cap-drop ALL</code> and selectively adding only the required ones using <code>--cap-add</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="harden-your-host"><a href="#harden-your-host">Harden Your Host</a></h3>
<p>The security of your Docker containers is intrinsically tied to the host system's security. A well-hardened host environment includes regular OS and kernel updates, enabled firewalls, enforced network isolation, and restricted access to the host—limited only to necessary administrators.</p>
<p>Ignoring these fundamental security measures can weaken even the most secure container setups.</p>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="implement-namespace-isolation"><a href="#implement-namespace-isolation">Implement Namespace Isolation</a></h3>
<p>User namespace remapping is a Docker feature that maps container UIDs to a different, unprivileged range on the host. This feature helps mitigate privilege escalation attacks by preventing processes within a container from gaining excessive privileges.</p>
<p>To enable this feature, start the Docker daemon with the <code>--userns-remap</code> flag, specifying how the remapping should occur. This isolation ensures that container processes are effectively sandboxed.</p>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="use-control-groups-cgroups"><a href="#use-control-groups-cgroups">Use Control Groups (Cgroups)</a></h3>
<p>Control groups, or Cgroups, are crucial for managing and limiting system resources allocated to containers. They ensure that each container gets its fair share of CPU, memory, and disk I/O resources, preventing any container from monopolizing resources and potentially bringing down the system. These limits help protect the host system from denial-of-service (DoS) attacks caused by resource exhaustion.</p>
<p>The simplest way is running a Docker container with resource limits flags using the <code>--cpu</code> and <code>--memory</code> options.&nbsp;</p>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="use-private-repositories"><a href="#use-private-repositories">Use Private Repositories</a></h3>
<p>Private repositories restrict access to trusted users, reducing the risk of deploying compromised images. By storing images in a private repository, you maintain control over who can pull and deploy them.</p>
<p>To enhance security further, use Secrets to securely store credentials, and use these credentials within your CI/CD pipelines to access private repositories. This ensures that sensitive information is protected even within automated deployment processes.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p style="outline: none; box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin-bottom: 0px; word-break: break-word; background-color: #ffffff;">&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Docker containers</strong> are a cornerstone of modern application deployment, offering isolation, scalability, and portability. However, their widespread use also introduces potential security risks if not managed carefully. This blog explores best <strong>practices for securing Docker containers</strong>, illustrates the difference between secure and insecure configurations, and discusses the implications of neglecting container security.</p>

Essential Security Practices for Safe Docker Container

Docker containers are a cornerstone of modern application deployment, offering isolation, scalability, and portability. However, their widespread use also introduces potential security risks if not managed carefully. This blog explores best practices for securing Docker containers, illustrates the difference between secure and insecure configurations, and discusses the implications of neglecting container security.

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<p>Jira Software is an Atlassian tool for managing issues, tasks and so on that can be related to their other product BitBucket. It is now very common among developers to make their commit message informative to their branch and Jira ticket ID. Recently I was asked the same in my company so that one can figure out exactly for which task/issue the commits were made, and in what branch. (Later one is not that important.) Well, in this article, I will show you how you can do it without writing commit-id and it auto-appends before the commit message.</p>
<h2 id="git-hooks-and-the-prepare-commit-msg"><a href="#git-hooks-and-the-prepare-commit-msg">Git hooks and the prepare-commit-msg</a></h2>
<figure><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/git-hook-prepare-commit-msg_Q5JDHwYAA.jpeg?ik-sdk-version=javascript-1.4.3&amp;updatedAt=1644129199001&amp;tr=lg" alt="git hooks prepare-commit-msg" width="100%" height="auto">
<figcaption>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@hudsoncrafted?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Debby Hudson</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/prepare-message?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption>
</figure>
<p><a title="Git hooks" href="https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Customizing-Git-Git-Hooks" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Git hooks</a> are the custom scripts that run based on some git operation.&nbsp; I don't want to go deep down into this and just discuss the relevant one.</p>
<p>There's a hook called prepare-commit-msg, it runs when you commit your codes with some message, and its output is saved as your commit message. So we will just use this hook to append our Jira ticket ID, just before it gets saved as your commit message, easy right? So let's do it.</p>
<p>First You have to find out the source of the Jira ticket ID, from where our logic can take it and insert it in the prefix. What I and a lot of devs use is from their branch. When you create your branch from Jira software, it automatically names it using the ticket title and number. Below are the steps to get the hook to append the Jira ID from the branch name into your commit.</p>
<h2 id="steps-to-update-prepare-commit-msg"><a href="#steps-to-update-prepare-commit-msg">Steps to Update prepare-commit-msg</a></h2>
<ol>
<li>First, go to .git/hooks directory. It would be in your project directory and hidden (as it starts with a ".")<br>
<pre class="language-bash"><code>cd .git/hooks</code></pre>
</li>
<li>Now create the file if not exist <code>prepare-commit-msg</code>&nbsp;</li>
<li>Now open the file in any editor and paste the following script, which basically extracts the JIRA ID from your branch name and appends it to your commit message. <br>
<pre class="language-bash"><code>#!/bin/sh

# Extract the name of the current branch
BRANCH=$(git symbolic-ref --short HEAD)

# Extract the JIRA ticket number from the branch name
JIRA=$(echo $BRANCH | grep -oE '[A-Z]+-[0-9]+')

# Prepend the JIRA ticket to the commit message, if jira ticket is found
if [ ! -z "$JIRA_TICKET" ]; then
    COMMIT_MSG=$(cat $1)
    echo "$JIRA_TICKET $COMMIT_MSG" &gt; $1
fi</code></pre>
</li>
<li>At last, make the file executable&nbsp;<br>
<pre class="language-bash"><code>chmod +x prepare-commit-msg</code></pre>
</li>
<li>There's no step 5, all done!!<br><br></li>
</ol>
<p>Just start committing codes and get appended Jira ID in each of your commit.</p>
<h2 id="faq"><a href="#faq">FAQ</a></h2>
<p><strong>Q: What if my branch name doesn’t follow the Jira ticket naming convention? </strong><br><strong>A:</strong> This script assumes your branch names include the Jira ticket ID as you would've created it via the Jira itself. If your branches are named differently, you’ll just need to modify the regular expression I used in the script or extract the Jira ID from another source, such as a commit message template or a custom input and you're good to go.</p>
<p><strong>Q: Can this hook be used with merge commits? </strong><br>A: The prepare-commit-msg hook doesn’t run for merge commits by default. You’d need additional scripting if you want to include the Jira ID in merge commits as well, if you want to know, the comment section is all open 😉.</p>
<p><strong>Q: How do I remove the Jira ticket ID from a commit message if needed? </strong><br>A: You can manually edit the commit message in your editor after the hook runs, before finalizing the commit. Just remove the Jira ticket ID from the message if it’s not required.</p>
<p><strong>Q: Can I implement this across multiple repositories? </strong><br>A: Yes, you can use a Git template directory to include this hook for all new repositories or distribute the script to existing repositories using a tool like Ansible or a simple shell script. But it will not be passed to your fellow developer's system, each dev has to setup the same in their system.</p>
<p><strong>Q: Is there a way to make the Jira ID optional in commit messages? </strong><br>A: You can modify the script to prompt the user for confirmation before appending the Jira ID, giving you the flexibility to include or omit it based on the commit's context.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2 id="conclusion"><a href="#conclusion">Conclusion</a></h2>
<p>By configuring the prepare-commit-msg Git hook, you can save time and avoid errors by automatically adding Jira ticket IDs to your commit messages. This practice not only streamlines your workflow but also makes it easier to track changes across your project, ensuring that every commit is linked to a specific Jira issue and it'll be easier to blame the other developers 🤓</p>

<p><strong>Jira commit</strong> id in git message is very important thing to track each commit <strong>jira ticket</strong> wise. Learn how you can automate it using <strong>git pre-commit-msg</strong></p>

How to add Jira ticket id in commit messages

Jira commit ID in git message is a very important thing to track each commit jira ticket-wise. Learn how you can automate it using git pre-commit-msg

How to add Jira ticket id in commit messages - Jira Bitbucket

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<p>If you're here, that means you've just installed <strong><a title="phpMyAdmin" href="https://www.phpmyadmin.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">phpMyAdmin</a></strong> in your <strong>mac</strong> system and encountered the following error</p>
<pre class="language-javascript"><code>mysqli_real_connect(): (HY000/2002): No such file or directory</code></pre>
<p>phpMyAdmin is one of the most popular CMS for PHP and MySQL database. But the default configuration has some issues with <strong>macOS.</strong> Let's see how it can be resolved.</p>
<hr>
<p>Also read: <a title="The best lightweight alternative to momentJS" href="../../blog/dayjs-the-best-lightweight-alternative-to-momentjs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DayJS: The best lightweight alternative to momentJS</a></p>
<hr>
<h1 id="answer"><a href="#answer">Answer:&nbsp;</a></h1>
<h2 id="step-1-edit-the-config-file"><a href="#step-1-edit-the-config-file">Step 1: Edit the config file</a></h2>
<p>Go to the file <code>config.sample.inc.php</code>, it is in the root of the phpMyAdmin and open it in any editor, I'm opening in VSCode.</p>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/Screenshot_2021-02-12_at_11.27.23_PM_CkPf0wXxt.png?tr=n-lg" alt="Go to fine config.sample.in.php" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<h2 id="step-2-change-the-host-value"><a href="#step-2-change-the-host-value">Step 2: Change the host value</a></h2>
<p>Now, in the file <code>config.sample.inc.php</code>, find the line<br><code>$cfg['Servers'][$i]['host'] = 'localhost';</code> <br>and change it into&nbsp;<br><code>$cfg['Servers'][$i]['host'] = '127.0.0.1';</code></p>
<p>The file will now look like the screenshot below.</p>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/Screenshot_2021-02-12_at_11.32.16_PM_bUFGbYZha.png?tr=n-lg" alt="Chnage the host from localhost to 127.0.0.1" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<h2 id="step-3-rename-the-config-file"><a href="#step-3-rename-the-config-file">Step 3: Rename the config file</a></h2>
<p>Now this is the last step, all you have to do is to remove the sample from this config file and make it <code>config.inc.php</code></p>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/Screenshot_2021-02-12_at_11.36.29_PM_ZRWJ5pJAF.png?tr=n-lg" alt="Rename the config file" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<p>That's it, now you will no longer get the error. Cheers 🥂</p>

<p><strong>PHPMyAdmin</strong> encounter an error in <strong>macOS</strong> "<strong>mysqli_real_connect(): (HY000/2002): No such file or directory</strong>". This is a very common error in macOS and can be resolved easily as following.</p>

mysqli_real_connect(): (HY000/2002): No such file or directory - PhpMyAdmin in macOS

PHPMyAdmin encounter an error in macOS "mysqli_real_connect(): (HY000/2002): No such file or directory". This is a very common error in macOS and can be resolved easily as following.

timeout-waiting-for-module-invalidated.jpg_8Ov_WotSr.jpg

<p><a title="React Native" href="https://reactnative.dev/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>React Native</strong></a> is one of the most popular framework for writing hybrid applications for <strong>iOS</strong>, <strong>android</strong>, windows etc. using javascript and typescript. But along with it comes a lot of pain, that consume a lot of time. Even some people leave react-native because of that in the beginning, but beauty lies ahead of all these pain.</p>
<p>One of the many such problems is</p>
<blockquote>
<p><span style="font-style: italic; background-color: #f7fffd;">Timeout waiting for modules to be invalidated</span></p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<p>Also read: <a title="NextJS - from React.js to an ultra-fast experience." href="../../blog/why-nextjs-from-reactjs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NextJS - from React.js to an ultra-fast experience.</a></p>
<hr>
<h1 id="answer"><a href="#answer">Answer</a></h1>
<p>iOS in react-native supports debug over wi-fi by default. So, it is absolutely necessary to connect your MacBook and iPhone with the same wi-fi network.</p>
<p>So if you're getting this error, so just turn on the wi-fi in your iPhone device and connect to the same network as your MacBook, cheers 🥂 the error will go away now :)&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Timeout waiting for modules to be invalidated</strong> - react-native ios error is a very common error one encounters. Let's see how to overcome this error in a single step.</p>

Timeout waiting for modules to be invalidated

Timeout waiting for modules to be invalidated - react-native ios error is a very common error one encounter. Let's see how to overcome this error in a single step.

Timeout waiting for modules to be invalidated - react-native

derek-oyen-3Xd5j9-drDA-unsplash.jpg_kXsVv4i20.jpg

<p>This article is for <a href="https://www.centos.org/about/" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">CentOS</a> users, will tell you 4 different ways to display your IP address in your terminal or CLI.</p>
<hr>
<p>See also: <a title="NextJS - from React.js to an ultra-fast experience." href="blog/why-nextjs-from-reactjs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NextJS - from React.js to an ultra-fast experience.</a></p>
<hr>
<h2 id="introduction"><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
<p>CentOS is one of the most reliable and stable Linux distros. It is preferred for the server OS. CentOS is the free version of <a href="https://www.redhat.com/en/technologies/linux-platforms/enterprise-linux" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Red Hat Linux</a> and has features of it. It is an open-source operating system while the Red Hat is not.&nbsp;</p>
<p>In this article, we will see the 4 basic ways of displaying your local IP address in the terminal of CentOS. I will use the command along with the grep to trim off the unnecessary information.</p>
<h2 id="method-1-using-the-command-ifconfig"><a href="#method-1-using-the-command-ifconfig">Method 1: Using the command ifconfig</a></h2>
<p>Command <code>ifconfig</code> stands for <em>interface configuration.&nbsp;</em>It is the most commonly used command in the Linux universe. Running the command <code>ifconfig | grep 192</code> will give the result IP address. As you can see below is the local IP address <strong>192.168.122.1</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/Screenshot_2021-02-05_at_1.41.39_AM__TCT1Ghi6.png?tr=n-lg" alt="ifconfig command to check ip" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<h2 id="method-2-using-command-ip-a"><a href="#method-2-using-command-ip-a">Method 2: Using command ip a</a></h2>
<p>That's it, <strong>ip a.</strong> This is my favorite command and I personally use this command as it has only 4 characters (3 alphabets and one is space). Using it with grep will give you the following result</p>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/Screenshot_2021-02-05_at_1.48.39_AM_kb9L63SNf.png?tr=n-lg" alt="" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<h2 id="method-3-using-the-command-nmcli"><a href="#method-3-using-the-command-nmcli">Method 3: Using the command nmcli</a></h2>
<p>nmcli is a command-line tool to display the different network status, so IP too. So we can use this command to get our IP as follows.</p>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/Screenshot_2021-02-05_at_1.50.21_AM_B9VRpK5mI.png?tr=n-lg" alt="" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<h2 id="method-4-using-the-command-ip-addr"><a href="#method-4-using-the-command-ip-addr">Method 4: Using the command ip addr</a></h2>
<p>This command is the same as <code>ip a</code>, or you can say the <code>ip a</code> is the short-hand command of <code>ip addr</code> command. So the output of this command is the same as that of <code>ip a</code></p>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/Screenshot_2021-02-05_at_1.53.37_AM_eoAB2wOyI.png?tr=n-lg" alt="" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p>Using <strong>Centos</strong>? I love it too, here are 4 simple ways of displaying your machine's IP address from your terminal.</p>

4 Simple ways to check IP address in CentOS 7/8 in 2024

Using Centos? I love it too, here are 4 simple ways of displaying your machine's IP address from your terminal.

4 Simple ways to check IP address in CentOS 7 and 8 in 2024

custom-fonts-react-native.jpg_PfFKCdVow.jpg

<p>Using custom fonts is very normal in react native because branding or font is so common that designers pick custom ones. But adding custom fonts in react native is not as straightforward as adding in the web by just adding a script, so here's the tutorial I've written for you.</p>

Custom Fonts in React Native: Step-by-Step Guide

Using custom fonts is very normal in react native, as branding or font is so common in 2024 that designers pick custom ones. But adding custom fonts in react native is not as straightforward as adding in the web by just adding a script, so here's the step-by-step I've written for you.

Custom Fonts in React Native: Step-by-Step Guide 2024

cast-custom-to-primitive-type-typescript.jpg_2ImsKyNyt.jpg

<p><a title="typescript types" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Types</strong></a> are actually the soul of <a title="typeScript" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TypeScript</strong></a>, typescript came into the game to give power to JavaScript, and that makes Typescript a success. You can read my article on <a title="why you should move from JavaScript to TypeScript" href="../../blog/why-you-must-know-typescript" target="_blank" rel="noopener">why you should move from JavaScript to TypeScript</a>. But most developers gave up as it is a bit <span style="text-decoration: line-through;">difficult</span> <em>different </em>that causes developers to lose hope at the beginning of their journey. One of the many problems that devs usually came across is assigning a type to a different type; typescript is a little strict. It has become better at auto <strong>type casting</strong> in newer versions. Still, it needs manual typecasting, which we are going to discuss here. If you don't want to dive in deeper, you can skip to the <a title="quick solution" href="#custom-type-to-primitive-type-quick-solutions">quick solution</a>. We will discuss what a <a title="primitive types" href="#primitive-types"><strong>primitive type</strong></a> is and what is a <a title="custom types" href="#custom-types"><strong>custom type</strong></a>, what is <a title="type casting" href="#what-is-typecasting">type casting</a>, and <a title="what is unknown type in TypeScript." href="#what-is-the-unknown-type-in-typescript">what is an unknown type in TypeScript.</a></p>
<hr>
<p>Related article: <a title="nextJS from React.js to an ultra-fast experience" href="../../blog/why-nextjs-from-reactjs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NextJS - from React.js to an ultra-fast experience</a></p>
<hr>
<h2 id="custom-type-to-primitive-type-quick-solution"><a href="#custom-type-to-primitive-type-quick-solution">Custom type to primitive type: Quick Solution</a></h2>
<figure><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/nelly-karina-lopez-BjGpLKlDKJA-unsplash_TShki-xV2.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="custom-to-primitive-type" width="100%" height="auto">
<figcaption>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@kumoknits?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="nofollowr noopene noopener">Nelly Karina Lopez</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/yarn?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Unsplash</a></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Let's take an example. There's a type called <code>Color</code>&nbsp;and there's a string variable say <code>input</code>.<code></code></p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>// Test
type Color = 'Black' | 'White' | 'Red' | 'Green' | 'Blue';

const input: string = 'Black';</code></pre>
<p>Now suppose you want to store the input into a variable <code>phoneColor</code> of type Color, typescript won't allow it. It'll throw an error</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Type 'string' is not assignable to type 'Color'.ts(2322)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Now here you have to cast the custom type <code>Color</code> into the primitive type <code>string</code> as follows.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>const phoneColor: Color = input as Color;</code></pre>
<p>That's it, is the job done? Yes and No. Yes as the job is done but no because there will be some cases where you cannot directly cast custom to a primitive type. In those cases, the typescript compiler throws an error</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Conversion of type <code>Color</code> to type <code>number</code> may be a mistake because neither type sufficiently overlaps with the other. If this was intentional, convert the expression to 'unknown' first.ts(2352)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The error contains the solution to it. As it says, you have to convert the expression into <code>unknown</code> first. Casting some type to <code>unknown</code> removes its initial type and make it assignable to any other type.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>const phoneColor: Color = input as unknown as Color;</code></pre>
<p>You can mark it. This solution works everywhere.</p>
<h2 id="what-are-primitive-types-and-custom-types"><a href="#what-are-primitive-types-and-custom-types">What are primitive types and custom types?</a></h2>
<figure><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/what-are-primitive-types-and-custom-types_46f04BzQS.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="what-are-primitive-types-and-custom-types" width="100%" height="auto">
<figcaption>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@samdc?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Sam Carter</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/sheep?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Unsplash</a></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Every language (not really every) specifies some inbuilt types, and all the data belongs to those types. But as the complexity grows, developers needed their own defined complex types. Language has to define a way to communicate between these <em>custom</em>&nbsp;types with the pre-defined types (or <em>primitive types</em>). Let's see what these types are and what the difference is.</p>
<h3 id="primitive-types"><a href="#primitive-types">Primitive Types</a></h3>
<p>&nbsp;Whenever we save some data into a variable, say we saved some <em>number</em>, or <em>boolean</em> or characters (string), language automatically defines the type from the value. They are already defined in the language specification and not created by you. These are called <a title="basic types or primitive types" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">basic types or primitive types</a>, for example.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>const batman: string = 'Bruce Wayne';

const friday: number = 13;

const isBatman: boolean = true;</code></pre>
<p>There are 12 basic types defined by TypeScript as per current their documentation TS version 4.0. You can read it all the <a title="12 basic types here" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">12 basic types here</a>.</p>
<h3 id="custom-types"><a href="#custom-types">Custom Types</a></h3>
<p><a title="Custom types or user-defined types" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/advanced-types.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Custom types or user-defined types</a> are complex types made from primitive types. Suppose there's a variable to save a person's age; you can simply guess the type of the variable would be <strong>number.&nbsp;</strong>But what will be the type of variable to store the phone number of a person along with the country code, <strong>string,&nbsp;</strong><strong>number,</strong> or what? Here comes the role of a custom type. The developer has to define a whole new type and assign a name to it.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>interface PhoneNumber {
    countryCode: string;
    phone: string;
}</code></pre>
<p>So, you can define a new type, say <strong>PhoneNumber,</strong> and by looking at its structure, it is clear that it can store both the information countryCode as well as the phone number of the user.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>interface PhoneNumber {
    countryCode: string;
    phone: string;
}

const ph1:PhoneNumber = {
    countryCode: '+1',
    phone: '9876543210'
}</code></pre>
<p>So there are scenarios where the user has to define its own custom type, made of primitive types. But there are cases where primitive types have to communicate (assign or any other operation) to the custom type. And then casting comes into play. Let's see what casting is in the next section.</p>
<h2 id="what-is-typecasting"><a href="#what-is-typecasting">What is typecasting?</a></h2>
<figure><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/les-triconautes-CwUYr2zGirk-unsplash_bmktl5XSq.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="what is typecasting in typescript" width="100%" height="auto">
<figcaption>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@triconautes?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Les Triconautes</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/knitting?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Unsplash</a></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>In simple words, we can define, typecasting is the conversion of a type into another type. That's it, it is called typecasting. But it is not as simple as it sounds. The compiler is smart many times, where it cast the types internally without any dev intervention. See the example below.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>type Rate = 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5;

const rating: Rate = 3;

const value:number = rating;</code></pre>
<p>Even though we are assigning a <code>Rate</code> type to <code>number</code> type, the compiler knows that <code>Rate</code> is a subset of number and all the possible values of type <code>Rate</code> is assignable to a number. But the reverse is not true.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>type Rate = 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5;

const value: number = 3;

const rating: Rate = value;
      ~~~~~</code></pre>
<p>It will throw the error <em>Type 'number' is not assignable to type 'Rate'.ts(2322). </em>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Even though 3 satisfies the <code>Rate</code> type, the type of <em>value&nbsp;</em>is <code>number</code>, and all the possible values of type <code>number</code> cannot be assigned to <code>Rate</code>. But still, 3 should be assignable to <code>Rate</code>. So in such cases, we have to cast the custom type to the primitive type manually as shown below.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>const rating: Rate = value as Rate;</code></pre>
<p>Now we have manually told the compiler, that convert (cast) the <code>number</code> type into <code>Rate</code> type so that it is assignable to the <code>Rate</code> type variable. And it will now work smoothly. But again it won't work everywhere like you cannot assign a boolean type toa string by manually casting, Compiler won't allow that, but if you still want to do it, you have to bluff the compiler by removing the type first and assigning a new type as shown below.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>type Rate = 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5;

const value: number = 3;

const rating: Rate = value as unknown as Rate;</code></pre>
<p>This way will never fail, but it is discouraged and should only be used in worst scenarios. But what was that <em>unknown</em>? Let's see.</p>
<h2 id="what-is-the-unknown-type-in-typescript"><a href="#what-is-the-unknown-type-in-typescript">What is the unknown type in typescript?</a></h2>
<figure><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/unknown_xpBlN8ahV.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="unknown type typescript" width="100%" height="auto">
<figcaption>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@steve_j?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Steve Johnson</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/yarn?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Unsplash</a></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>As of now, we have seen the use of <a title="unknown" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html#unknown" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>unknown</em></a> type. But haven't really defined it yet. So as its name depicts, <em>unknown</em> type is given to those whose type is not known and can be given any other type. In most of the places where the type is not known, typescript adds <em><a title="any type typescript" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html#any" target="_blank" rel="noopener">any</a>&nbsp;</em>type implicitly. Both&nbsp;<em>any&nbsp;</em>and&nbsp;<em>unknown<strong>&nbsp;</strong></em>types are similar, except <em>any</em> is assignable to any other type but you cannot assign <em>unknown</em> to other types. That's where it was needed. You have to assign some type to <em>unknown</em> type variable before assigning it to another type.</p>

Typescript custom to primitive type conversion

When working with custom types in typescript, there are many scenarios where we have to cast our custom type to primitive type and vice-versa. There are many right and hacks for type conversions.

How to cast custom type into primitive type in typescript?

optional-generic-type-typescript.jpg_3gCsGTPjv.jpg

<p><strong><a title="TypeScript" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">TypeScript</a>&nbsp;</strong>is one of the most popular <a title="scripting languages" href="../../definitions/scripting-langauge" target="_blank" rel="noopener">scripting languages</a> and my favorite web language too, that provides great power (types) to JavaScript and makes it a strictly typed language. <a title="Generics" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/generics.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Generics</strong></a> is one of my favorite features of TypeScript. Generic types are amazing to increase the flexibility of a function or class or an interface in Typescript, and I never miss a chance to use generic wherever I can. Almost every generic piece of code uses <strong>Generic Types</strong>,&nbsp; but at the same time, it also restricts the user in some way. Here in this article, I will walk you through how you can make <strong>generic types optional in TypeScript </strong>so that you can use it without forced to pass a generic type.</p>
<hr>
<p>Related Article: <a title="Why you should learn TypeScript and ditch JavaScript? TypeScript vs JavaScript" href="../../blog/why-you-must-know-typescript" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Why you should learn TypeScript and ditch JavaScript? TypeScript vs JavaScript</a></p>
<hr>
<h2 id="make-typescript-generic-type-optional-quick-solutions"><a href="#make-typescript-generic-type-optional-quick-solutions">Make typescript generic type optional: Quick Solutions</a></h2>
<p>The way we give a default value to a parameter of a function to make it optional, the similar way we do for the generics.</p>
<p><strong>To make a generic type optional, you have to assign the&nbsp;<a title="void" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html#void" target="_blank" rel="noopener">void</a>&nbsp;as the default value.</strong></p>
<p>In the example below, even though the function takes a generic type T, still you can call this function without passing the generic type and it takes void as default.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>function fetchData &lt;T = void&gt; ( url: string): T {
        const response:T = fetch(url);
        return response 
}</code></pre>
<p>Now you can pass the <code>fetchData</code> either passing generic type or without it.&nbsp;</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>interface User {
    id: string;
    name: string;
}

// Function call with passing generic type, to fetch the user and return the user, whose type is passed as a generic type.
fetchData&lt;User&gt;('users/1');

// Function call without passing generic type, just to register the device, that doesn't return anything.
fetchData('register-device');</code></pre>
<h2 id="detailed-example-of-optional-generic-type"><a href="#detailed-example-of-optional-generic-type">Detailed Example of optional generic type&nbsp;</a></h2>
<figure><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/detailed-example_urSUoDJWQ.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="example of optional typescript generic type" width="100%" height="auto">
<figcaption>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@candidlyrae?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Rae Goldman</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Generic types can be more complicated when passing from one type to another and making optional into one and required in another. In the example below, I've created a type for a function <code>BaseFunctionType</code> and another type <code>FunctionType</code> that uses <code>BaseFunctionType</code>. In the <code>BaseFunctionType</code> are the two parameters where both are required, now we want to use that type in a function without passing the second parameter, so <code>FunctionType</code> is created to pass the second generic type as void and make it optional for the function. Now we assign the <code>FunctionType</code> to our <code>someFunction</code> and pass a single parameter.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>type BaseFunctionType&lt;T1, T2&gt; = (a:T1, b:T2) =&gt; void;

type FunctionType&lt;T = void&gt; = BaseFunctionType&lt;{name: string}, T&gt;

const someFunction:FunctionType = (a) =&gt; {

}

someFunction({ name: "Siraj" })</code></pre>
<h2 id="method-2-with-function-overloading"><a href="#method-2-with-function-overloading">Method 2: With function overloading</a></h2>
<p>You can also make a generic optional using two function declarations, one with a single generic and two generics. So when calling with a single generic, it will automatically pick the first declaration and not expect the second generic type. Similarly, if you pass the second generic parameter, it will pick the second function declaration. This method is not much of use, as it only works on functions mainly. See the codes below.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>class Logger {

        // Declarations
        private logData&lt;T&gt;(operation: string, responseData: T):T
        private logData&lt;T, S&gt;(operation: string, responseData: T, requestData?: S):T

        // Definition
        private logData&lt;T, S&gt;(operation: string, responseData: T, requestData?: S) {
            // ...body
        }
}</code></pre>
<p>If that doesn't fit your case, don't worry, the <a title="quick solution" href="#quick-solutions-make-generic-type-optional">quick solution</a> is universal and works in any case.</p>
<h2 id="frequently-asked-questions"><a href="#frequently-asked-questions">Frequently asked questions.</a></h2>
<h3 id="what-is-type-script"><a href="#what-is-type-script">What is TypeScript?</a></h3>
<p>TypeScript is an open-source programming language developed by Microsoft. It is the superset of JavaScript that provides types and some additional features to JavaScript. You can also call it strictly typed JavaScript.</p>
<h3 id="should-i-use-type-script"><a href="#should-i-use-type-script">Should I use TypeScript?</a></h3>
<p>If you use JavaScript and still wondering if you should TypeScript, then YES!!, you must give it a try. Here you can read <a title="why you should learn TypeScript over JavaScript" href="../../blog/why-you-must-know-typescript" target="_blank" rel="noopener">why you should learn TypeScript over JavaScript</a>.</p>
<h3 id="what-are-generics-in-type-script"><a href="#what-are-generics-in-type-script">What are generics in TypeScript?</a></h3>
<p><strong>Generic</strong> is a feature in the language TypeScript to make the module (interface, function, etc.) more generic. But does it do it? Suppose you call a function that returns something, but the type of the return changes based on the type in the parameter, so it changes on every call to call. So it is not possible to hardcode a type in the function return type, so what would we do in that case? Use `<a title="any typescript" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/basic-types.html#any" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">any</a>`? No! Giving any to the return type doesn't contain any info about the type. So the returned value from the function is always unknown, so it is not actually dependent on the type of function parameter.</p>
<h3 id="does-react-js-use-type-script"><a href="#does-react-js-use-type-script">Does ReactJS use TypeScript?</a></h3>
<p>ReactJS is written in JavaScript, but at the same time, it provides support for TypeScript. You can use <a title="create-react-app" href="../../definitions/cra-create-react-app" target="_blank" rel="noopener">create-react-app</a> for <a title="typescript" href="https://create-react-app.dev/docs/adding-typescript/#installation" rel="noopener nofollow">typescript</a>. Even this site is developed in TypeScript.</p>

Optional generic types in TypeScript

The generic types are an amazing feature we get in various strictly typed like typescript. But making it optional gives developers the flexibility of using it, let's see how we can make generic types optional in typecript.

How to make generic types optional in TypeScript

dayjs-cdn.jpg_zHTI4fbPW.jpg

Dayjs CDN for free

Want Dayjs CDN for free? Here is a long list for it.

Day JS CDN for free

get-free-cdn-link.jpg_ywhZrsffn.jpg

<p>A <strong>CDN (<span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Fira Sans', 'Droid Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;">aka content delivery network</span><span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Fira Sans', 'Droid Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;">)&nbsp;</span></strong><span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Fira Sans', 'Droid Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;">is a server specifically to serve content faster, according to the location from where it is being accessed. I will show you the best trick how you can create a CDN link for css and js in less than a minute. So let's begin 💪.</span></p>
<hr>
<p><span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Fira Sans', 'Droid Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;">Related Article: <a title="Why you should learn TypeScript and ditch JavaScript?" href="https://garbagevalue.com/blog/why-you-must-know-typescript" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Why you should learn TypeScript and ditch JavaScript?</a></span></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/Full_length_infographic_2x_brQeCtDQ2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img class="no-zoom" src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/Full_length_infographic_2x_brQeCtDQ2.png" alt="Get free CDN Link infographic" width="100%" height="auto"></a></p>
<h2 id="quick-answer-get-free-css-and-js-cdn-link"><a href="#quick-answer-get-free-css-and-js-cdn-link">Quick Answer: Get free css and js CDN link</a></h2>
<p>I'll quickly show you can get a free CDN of css and js within less than a minute. There are only 4 simple steps.</p>
<ol>
<li>Open codepen and login or signup</li>
<li>Now create a new pen and paste your css and js code.</li>
<li>Now save it to get a unique URL.</li>
<li>Great! Now you've your CDN ready, just add .css at the end of the URL to get css CDN link and js for js CDN link.</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="what-is-a-cdn"><a href="#what-is-a-cdn">What is a CDN?</a></h2>
<figure>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/content-delivery-network_nbhEYs9it.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="content delivery network" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<figcaption>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@nasa?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">NASA</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/network?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption>
</figure>
<p><strong>CDN</strong> also called content delivery network by some nerds, smart people call it just CDN. Now, what is the idea behind it? Suppose you're sitting in Japan, and you're browsing a website which has its server on the US. So the data has to travel all the way from the US, so to reduce this time, website owner set up another server which will serve to the Asian countries, to reduce the data travel time. Like this, a whole network is set up to serve the data according to the user's nearest location, and this network is called a content delivery network.</p>
<p>Now as it is not possible for every site owner to set up all this, so there are companies who have their setup all around the world, and they provide CDN services. Now suppose you want to serve your CSS to someone, and you don't have a link to share, so you just put it on a CDN, and share the URL obtained from that CDN provider.</p>
<h2 id="detailed-step-for-cdn-link-creation"><a href="#detailed-step-for-cdn-link-creation">Detailed step for CDN link creation</a></h2>
<p>Here are the detailed steps along with the screenshot of every step along with the link of CDNs generated at the end.</p>
<h3 id="1-open-codepen-and-signup-login"><a href="#1-open-codepen-and-signup-login">1. Open Codepen and Signup/Login</a></h3>
<p>Open the codepen.io and click on the login/signup.</p>
<figure>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/Screenshot_2020-09-13_at_11.11.03_PM_1tTkKwNfV.png" alt="Codepen login page" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<figcaption>Codepen Login Page</figcaption>
</figure>
<h3 id="2-create-a-new-pen"><a href="#2-create-a-new-pen">2. Create a new pen</a></h3>
<p>After logging in, create a new pen on clicking <strong>Pen&nbsp;</strong>on the left bar as shown below.</p>
<figure>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/Screenshot_2020-09-13_at_11.16.07_PM_2EC0TIb9a.png" alt="Create a new pen" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<figcaption>Create a new pen</figcaption>
</figure>
<h3 id="3-add-css-and-js"><a href="#3-add-css-and-js">3. Add CSS and JS</a></h3>
<p>Now add the css and js codes in their respective text boxes. And click save. After saving you'll get a unique URL as shown below.</p>
<figure>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/Screenshot_2020-09-13_at_11.27.51_PM_gyUBCIOTQ.png" alt="saved pen" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<figcaption>Saved pen</figcaption>
</figure>
<h3 id="4-create-js-and-css-cdn-link"><a href="#4-create-js-and-css-cdn-link">4. Create JS and CSS CDN Link</a></h3>
<p>Now just copy the URL and append .css or .js at the end of the URL, and boom, you now have your lifetime free CDN links of css and js respectively.<br><br>CSS: <a title="css CDN Link" href="https://codepen.io/sirajalam049/pen/yLOEeyQ.css" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://codepen.io/sirajalam049/pen/yLOEeyQ.css</a><br>JS: <a title="js cdn link" href="https://codepen.io/sirajalam049/pen/yLOEeyQ.js" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">https://codepen.io/sirajalam049/pen/yLOEeyQ.js</a></p>

Create free CDN link

Many of the times we need an external css or js link to our websites. I will show you how you can create a free CDN link that will never go down nor break absolutely free.

How to create a free CDN link in less than a minute?

syntax-highlight-react.jpg_K0yjiRmXK-Y.jpg

<p>As a technical content writer, <strong>syntax highlighting</strong> (aka <strong>code beautifying</strong>) is a must-have thing for me. Code blocks are very often in my articles. And after moving to the <a title="Next JS" href="http://nextjs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>next</strong> <strong>js</strong></a>, I had to figure out something to make the code blocks look cool, just like codes in an <a title="Integrated development environment" href="../../definitions/ide-integrated-development-environment" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IDE</a> like Visual Studio Code. So, I'll share how I figured out to show codes</p>
<p>from</p>
<pre>function getFullName (user) {
    const fullName = user.firstName + user.lastName;
    return fullName;
}</pre>
<p>to</p>
<pre class="language-javascript"><code>function getFullName (user) {
    const fullName = user.firstName + user.lastName;
    return fullName;
}</code></pre>
<h2 id="code-highlighting-quick-solution"><a href="#code-highlighting-quick-solution">Code Highlighting - Quick Solution</a></h2>
<p>Here I'll quickly direct you how to do syntax highlighting using Prism JS without going into many details.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<h3 id="install-prism-js-using-npm-yarn"><a href="#install-prism-js-using-npm-yarn">Install prism js using npm / yarn</a></h3>
<p><code>npm i prismjs</code> or <code>yarn add prismjs</code><br><br>It also provides TypeScript support,&nbsp;<code><span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Fira Sans', 'Droid Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;">npm i @types/prismjs</span></code><span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Fira Sans', 'Droid Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;"> or <code>yarn add @types/prismjs</code></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="import-prismjs-into-your-blog-page-and-highlight-all"><a href="#import-prismjs-into-your-blog-page-and-highlight-all">Import prismjs into your blog page and highlight all.</a></h3>
<p>The next step is just import prismjs into your codes and call the <code>highlightAll</code> function in your <code>useEffect</code> / <code>componentDidMount</code>.</p>
<pre class="language-c"><code>useEffect(() =&gt; {
    if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
        Prism.highlightAll();
    }
}, []);</code></pre>
<p>It will automatically select the code blocks and will highlight them all. Note, you must have your codes in the following format.</p>
<pre class="language-javascript"><code>&lt;pre class="language-javascript" &gt;
    &lt;code&gt;
        function getFullName (user) {
            const fullName = user.firstName + user.lastName;
            return fullName;
        }
    &lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;</code></pre>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="highlight-a-specific-language"><a href="#highlight-a-specific-language">Highlight a specific language</a></h2>
<p>Every programming language has different <a title="Syntax" href="../../definitions/syntax-programming-language" target="_blank" rel="noopener">syntax</a>, so prism js need to know, that from which language is your code belongs. It is written in the class of the <a title="pre tag" href="https://www.w3schools.com/tags/tag_pre.asp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pre tag</a>. Below is an example</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>&lt;pre class="language-java" &gt;
    &lt;code&gt;
        class HelloWorld {
            public static void main(String[] args) {
                System.out.println("Hello, World!"); 
            }
        }
    &lt;/code&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;</code></pre>
<p>There only <code>markup</code>, <code>css</code>, <code>clike</code> and <code>javascript</code> languages are loaded by default by prism js to process. Any language besides from them, you need to load manually as shown below.</p>
<pre class="language-javascript"><code>import "prismjs/components/prism-java";</code></pre>
<p>Check out the whole list of supported languages. <br><a title="Prism js supported languages" href="https://prismjs.com/#supported-languages" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://prismjs.com/#supported-languages</a></p>
<h2 id="writing-your-own-custom-theme"><a href="#writing-your-own-custom-theme">Writing your own custom theme</a></h2>
<p>Yes, you can write your own custom theme, which will override the default prism js theme. You can give styling to the class of each token, a global styles for all languages, language-wise styling and so on. You only need to learn the pattern of names of the classes for each kind.</p>
<h3 id="styling-all-languages"><a href="#styling-all-languages">Styling all languages</a></h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>pre[class*="language-"],
code[class*="language-"] {

}</code></pre>
<h3 id="language-specific-styling"><a href="#language-specific-styling">Language-specific styling</a></h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>pre[class*="language-javascript"],
code[class*="language-javascript"] {
	color: #4ec9b0;
}</code></pre>
<h3 id="token-specific-stylings"><a href="#token-specific-stylings">Token Specific stylings</a></h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.token.comment,
.token.prolog,
.token.doctype,
.token.cdata {
	color: #6a9955;
}

.token.punctuation {
	color: #d4d4d4;
}

.token.property,
.token.tag,
.token.boolean,
.token.number,
.token.constant,
.token.symbol,
.token.deleted {
	color: #b5cea8;
}</code></pre>
<p>Following if the full list of tokens language-wise<br><a title="All tokens" href="https://prismjs.com/faq.html#how-do-i-know-which-tokens-i-can-style-for" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://prismjs.com/faq.html#how-do-i-know-which-tokens-i-can-style-for</a></p>
<h2 id="prism-js-functioning"><a href="#prism-js-functioning">PrismJS functioning</a></h2>
<p><a title="Prism JS" href="https://prismjs.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Prism JS</strong></a> is a light-weight JavaScript library to <strong>tokenize</strong> your codes.</p>
<p>But what tokenization means?</p>
<p>Tokenization is dividing your code clock into categories, say in a code block, there are variables, constants, keywords, function names, and so on, and each of these categories called a token, so the whole processing is called tokenization.</p>
<p>Tokenization is done to give a colour to each token, like strings on your code block would be light brown, and variables would be blue-ish. The Color set for your code bock is called a theme, just like you change themes in VS Code or whatever IDE you use.</p>
<h2 id="bonus-for-readers"><a href="#bonus-for-readers">Bonus for readers</a></h2>
<figure><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/bonnus-present_SI0JyEO3YO.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="bonus of syntax highlitings" width="1000" height="668">
<figcaption>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@joannakosinska?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Joanna Kosinska</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/gift?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>I have two bonus for all the readers. Maybe I can add some more bonuses for you with time 😉</p>
<h3 id="add-buttons-to-code-snippet-to-feels-like-a-mac-application"><a href="#add-buttons-to-code-snippet-to-feels-like-a-mac-application">Add buttons to code snippet to feels like a mac application</a></h3>
<p>You must've noticed that my code snippets feel like of mac window. Isn't it cool? So I am exposing my source code only for you.</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.blog-post pre{
    background-color: #eff0f1;
    padding: 16px;
    border-radius: 4px;
    overflow: auto;
    font-size: 14px;
    margin-bottom: 4.1rem;
    padding: 3.7rem 0 1.6rem .4rem;
    border-radius: 12px;
    overflow: hidden;
    background-image: url(your_url_to_image.png);
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-size: 44px 10px;
    background-position: 16px 14px;
}</code></pre>
<p>I am selecting all the pre tags that are under <code>.blog-post</code> class. You can download the png from below.</p>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/garbage/window-buttons_gt8xoXxWn.png" alt="Macbook window action" width="88" height="20"></p>
<h3 id="the-second-bonus-is-the-vs-code-default-dark-theme-my-favourite"><a href="#the-second-bonus-is-the-vs-code-default-dark-theme-my-favourite">The second bonus is the VS Code Default Dark theme (my favourite)</a></h3>
<p>Below is the CDN link for the VS Code dark default theme. You can use it directly.<br><a title="CDN for visual studio code default dark theme" href="https://codepen.io/sirajalam049/pen/eYZyRBO.css" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://codepen.io/sirajalam049/pen/eYZyRBO.css</a></p>
<p>Or you can further customize it on codepen<br><a title="Codepen " href="https://codepen.io/sirajalam049/pen/eYZyRBO" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://codepen.io/sirajalam049/pen/eYZyRBO</a></p>

Syntax Highlighting in Next JS

Colorful code snippet or highlited syntaxt gives a good feel to your readers on your web article. Prism.JS is a lighweight code buitifier, see how it can be used in your next js application.

How to do syntax highlighting in Next.JS

nextjs.jpg_lGUlGzbvq.jpg

<p>NextJS is a react framework focused on the problems faced for SEO demanding sites. Let's dive into the concept, motivation and need of next.js.</p>

Why Nextjs after reactjs?

Are you a React developer? Next js is your next destination after react js, learn 

NextJS - from React.js to an ultra-fast experience.

typescript.jpg_xGmJrPLty.jpg

<p>You aren't married to <strong>JavaScript</strong>, doesn't matter how much you love it, you must give it a try to <strong>TypeScript</strong>. Maybe you don't have a reason to move, but I will definitely take you on a journey, where you'd like to taste <strong>TypeScript</strong> a bit. I can give you more than 13 Reasons Why you should move to <strong>typescript</strong>, but for now, I'll try to convince you to move on to TypeScript in 5 points where I will tell you <strong>why TypeScript is much better than JavaScript</strong> for development, and why you should choose TypeScript for your next project.</p>
<h2 id="1-strictly-typed-java-script"><a href="#1-strictly-typed-java-script">1. Strictly Typed JavaScript</a></h2>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/matt-artz-lt2GzPlOAmc-unsplash_pdbx50WJg.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="strictly-typed" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<p style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@mattartz?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Matt Artz</a> on </span><a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/forced?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Unsplash</span></a></p>
<p><strong>TypeScript is nothing but just a strictly typed javascript.&nbsp;</strong>One of the reasons I hate JavaScript (yes I hate it) is that there's so much flexibility on the language that there's no rules and regulation, you can write any crap, and it won't give you an error (exceptions are there), for example, if you created a variable and gave it some number as value say 6, later you can assign some function to the same variable, and can even call that variable, it seems a bit funny to me, anyway, let's see what TypeScript has to do with it.</p>
<p>In typescript, when you're defining a variable, you have to write its type, like the variable is going to store number, array, string, or anything else. Once you did it, you cannot store anything else in it or TypeScript won't let you proceed, and TypeScript is <strong>strict</strong> about it.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>let age:number;
age = 25;</code></pre>
<p>Even if you don't mention the type to the variable and assigning it some value, it is too smart, that it automatically find out the type from the value given and remembers it.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>let age = 10;

age = "Donald Trump"
~~~
// Type '"Donald Trump"' is not assignable to type 'number'.(2322)</code></pre>
<p>If you are aware of the languages like C/C++, there, the type is defined as&nbsp;<code>int age;</code> similarly, in TypeScript, we define type after the name of the variable following a colon sign, like this <code>let age:number;</code>. That way we just stuffed TypeScript without altering JavaScript syntax. That's what I told in the beginning, TypeScript is nothing just JavaScript, with just types. I will not focus on the syntax of typescript, it is not in the scope of this article.</p>
<p>Now, if it would be JS, you could do anything with the age, assing it your name, or some <code>array</code>, or even some <code>function</code>, but in TS, once it is born as <code>number</code>, it will remain <code>number</code>, nothing else. If you do it, it will give you error right away, but in JS, it will tolerate it as long as you're not doing something illegal, like calling <code>age</code> without assigning it a function or accessing <code>.length</code> property when it is a function.</p>
<p>At first, it might seem to you of not worth switching from JS to TS, but once you understand it completely, you never wanted to code in JS because of just this feature.</p>
<h2 id="2-because-you-need-errors"><a href="#2-because-you-need-errors">2. Because you need errors.</a></h2>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/error__67uURz4E.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="you need error" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<p style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@rojekilian?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Sarah Kilian</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/error?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></span></p>
<p>When I say you need errors, doesn't mean I want you to write errorful codes, but the code you've written must be error-free, and for that, it is the job of your dev environment to give you errors. And in JS, it just doesn't do it, it is one of the reasons people love it, and at the same time hate it too. When I say errors, I mean everything except syntax errors. JS doesn't give an error when you write something wrong, but it gives you an error when something wrong happens. So if some part of your code isn't executed at the time of testing, then be ready for some pain in the production. :)<br>Let's see an example</p>
<p>I'm writing a code to multiply two numbers, I'll do this in both JS and TS, and you'll see how JS is so unreliable and may break your application in many ways.</p>
<pre class="language-javascript"><code>function multiply (num1, num2 ) {
    return num1 * num2;
}

console.log(multiply(3, 4));
// returns 12

console.log(multiply(3));
// return NaN

console.log(multiply(3, null));
// returns 0

console.log(multiply());
// returns NaN</code></pre>
<p>You can literally call multiply in any manner, there's no restriction, and it always gives you unexpected results, that's the worst thing about JS, suppose now you have to use those returned values somewhere, how much inconsistency and unexpected results it causes in your application.</p>
<p>But thanks to <strong>TypeScript,&nbsp;</strong>it is very strict, it won't let you proceed if you do not follow the rules if the function expects the, then you must pass the number, and it says both should be numbers, then you have to pass two arguments and both must be numbers. Let's see the same code in TypeScript. If you're not aware of the TS syntax, don't worry, it is similar to JS, except the return type comes before the opening brace and argument types with their names.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>function multiply (num1:number, num2:number) :number{
    return num1 * num2;
}

console.log(multiply(3, 4));
// returns 12

console.log(multiply(3));
//          ~~~~~~~~~~~
// Expected 2 arguments, but got 1.(2554)
// input.tsx(1, 33): An argument for 'num2' was not provided.

console.log(multiply(3, null));
//                      ~~~~
// Argument of type 'null' is not assignable to parameter of type 'number'.


console.log(multiply());
//          ~~~~~~~~~~~
// Expected 2 arguments, but got 0.(2554)
// input.tsx(1, 20): An argument for 'num1' was not provided.</code></pre>
<p>So here in TS, there are never unpredictable results, you can only proceed when you remove all the errors, that's what makes me fall in love with TS &lt;3&nbsp;</p>
<p>TS is not just bound to tell the errors in your code that you've written, but it also tells you the possibility, of where an <em>error may come.&nbsp;</em>Let's see a quick example of this.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>// I'm writing some TS code, you can ignore it and look at the comment, I've written in the code.

// Type is user
interface User {

    // Property is name of type string
    name: string;

    // Property is age of type number
    age: number;

    // Property is social which is optional and have properties
    social?: {

        // Property is facebook which and have type string which is optional
        facebook?: string;

        // Property is twitter which and have type string which is optional
        twitter?: string;
    }
}</code></pre>
<p>Now as you can see, the <code>social</code> property is optional means there may be cases where social is undefined, TS knows that, and it will not let you proceed until you handle it.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>let userData:User = dataFromSomeSource;

console.log(user.social.facebook);
//          ~~~~~~~~~~~
// Object is possibly 'undefined'.(2532)

if(user.social){
    console.log(user.social.facebook);
}</code></pre>
<p>So, this is silently ignored by JS, and it causes errors from case to case, which is another reason why TS is considered more reliable.</p>
<h2 id="3-auto-tested-and-documented"><a href="#3-auto-tested-and-documented">3. Auto Tested and Documented.</a></h2>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/auto-documented-and-tested_2UTyoGjtj.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="auto tested and documented" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<p style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@jesuskiteque?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Jesus Kiteque</a> on </span><a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/tech?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Unsplash</span></a></p>
<p>Suppose you're using a function from some library written in JS, how would you know what params you've to pass? You will go to the documentation, you'll check what params it will take, which of them are optional, and then you'll call the function. But in TS, there's no need to document that, everything is explained by the types themselves. Even it also ensures that you're using the function in the right way, and not passing any random parameters.&nbsp;<br>For example, you can refer to the <a title="because-you-need-errors" href="#because-you-need-errors">second section above</a>.</p>
<p>Another case you can take is, suppose you're using a library that gives you a JS object, with nested properties, so to check what exactly the names of the properties, and which of them can be undefined, is a big pain. You have to dig in the documentation, or sometimes console log your object to see what stuff it contains. That's really what I hate, I wish some way, where the object itself tells you what properties it contains and if some property is undefined, or property has a value string or number or array or what. Well, the wish is fulfilled, thanks once again to TypeScript. If the codes are written in TS, the exact behaviour you'll get. Let's see with an example.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>function getUser ( id: number ):User {
    // Some logic to get the user from id.
    let user:User = {name: "Bob", age: 24};

    return user
}

let user: User = getUser(1);</code></pre>
<p>Now to check what properties the user will have, no need to console log it, or go to the function definition when you add an <code>.</code> after <code>user</code>, it automatically gives you the list of properties it has, and also tells you which of them are undefined. See the image below.</p>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/Screenshot_2020-07-19_at_3.39.14_PM_4J1C86pRbE.png" alt="auto complete examle" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<p><strong>It also automatically tests your codes</strong> by checking all the possibilities and tells you if any of the possibility fails. Sounds amazing right, well yes, it is. This feature prevents a huge number of bugs at the time of development, you don't need to write a test for your function nor need to test it manually at different values, TS do it for you and tells you if you've missed something that may cause a problem later.</p>
<p>In the code below, I have written a function that takes two arguments and returns an <code>array of string</code> by adding each parameter to the array if they are not undefined. The first argument is required while the second is optional.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>function arrayFy (name1:string, name2?: string): Array&lt;string&gt; {
//                                                ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
// Function lacks ending return statement and return type does not include 'undefined'.(2366)

    let resultArray = [name1];

    if(name2) return resultArray.push(name2);
//            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
// Type 'number' is not assignable to type 'string[]'.(2322

}</code></pre>
<p>The code above is a very common scenario for me to make a mistake. <a title="Array.push" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/push" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Array.push</a> does not return the updated array, but returns the new length of the array. So if the above code is written in the JS, there won't be any error, and my code just runs and gives expected results, which I have to debug and find the mistake here, and my function is returning 2 if I pass the second argument too. But here in TS, you can clearly see that <strong>TypeScript automatically run the case, and tell you that in that particular case, your function will fail</strong> to return an array of strings.&nbsp;</p>
<p>There's another error, say if you don't pass the second parameter, you're still returning nothing (undefined), which also violates the behaviour of your function as it must return an array of strings. So, here I made some changes in the function and TS gives you a green flag, which means the function will never ever give you an unexpected result. See below.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>function arrayFy (name1:string, name2?: string): Array&lt;string&gt; {

    let resultArray = [name1];

    if(name2) {
        resultArray.push(name2);
    }

    return resultArray;

}</code></pre>
<h2 id="4-always-a-few-steps-ahead-of-java-script"><a href="#4-always-a-few-steps-ahead-of-java-script">4. Always a few steps ahead of JavaScript</a></h2>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/kayvan-mazhar-BkNIBXLVuBo-unsplash_OrClkJ6iRZ.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="typescript ahead of javascript" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<p style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@kayvanmazhar?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Kayvan Mazhar</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/ahead?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></span></p>
<p>Typescript is always a few steps ahead of Javascript. If a new feature is announced in JavaScript, and it is supposed to be released in the next <strong><a title="ECMA" href="../definitions/ecma">ECMA</a> release</strong>, TS release it before the official release and you can use it without any worries of <strong>compatibility</strong> in browsers as you can compile TS to any previous version of JavaScript (like ES5). TypeScript has a lot of features that JavaScript doesn't.</p>
<p>So we can say that TypeScript is also a <strong>superset</strong> of JavaScript, ECMA5, ECMA6, ECMA7 and ECMAnext, and some features that don't even exist in JavaScript.</p>
<h2 id="5-conclusion-you-can-t-run-away-from-type-script"><a href="#5-conclusion-you-can-t-run-away-from-type-script">5. Conclusion: You can't run away from TypeScript</a></h2>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/hiding-cat_y-tLfhnpS.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="can't run away from the typescript" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<p style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@chrisyangchrisfilm?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Chris Yang</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/hiding?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></span></p>
<p>Yes, sooner or later, you have to accept TypeScript. You just can't run away from it. Every npm package either being written in JavaScript has to provide its types too, or another package with typescript support is preferred. Now, most of the large libraries, packages, and frameworks are being written in TypeScript.</p>
<p>In the beginning, packages used to be in JavaScript with TypeScript support too, but now the table has turned, and packages are in TypeScript and they are giving support to JavaScript. Everyone is acknowledging the power and need for TypeScript over JavaScript and accepting it.</p>
<p>You'll never be able to learn Angular, as it forces you to write only TS code, the same case with the <a title="loopback 4" href="https://loopback.io/doc/en/lb4/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">loopback 4</a>. <a title="nest js" href="https://nestjs.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NestJS</a> primary language is TypeScritpt and they also provide support for JavaScript. Following are the words of NestJs</p>
<blockquote>We're in love with TypeScript, but above all - we love Node.js. That's why Nest is compatible with both TypeScript and pure JavaScript. Nest takes advantage of the latest language features, so to use it with vanilla JavaScript we need a <a title="babel" href="../definitions/babel">Babel</a> compiler.</blockquote>
<p>If you're still not satisfied with the reasons I gave you, and have some counter questions, you can anytime <a href="mailto:sirajalam049@gmail.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">contact us</a>, and believe me, it is worth giving a try, you won't regret it.</p>

<p>It is 2024, and you still code in JavaScript? Time to move on, no matter how much you love JavaScript, TypeScript is worth ditching your love, and I will tell you why</p>

Why you should learn TypeScript and ditch JavaScript? TypeScript vs JavaScript

It is 2024, and you still code in JavaScript? Time to move on, no matter how much you love JavaScript, TypeScript is worth ditching your love, and I will tell you why

github-acquired-npm.png_GdOcSwUb49.png

<p><a href="http://github.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Microsoft Github</a> is now acquiring <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">npm (node package manager)</a>. It is <a href="https://github.blog/2020-03-16-npm-is-joining-github/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">officially announced on the GitHub official blog</a> by its CEO, <a href="https://github.com/nat" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nat Friedman</a>. So in this article, I'll tell you the previous acquisition of Github by Microsoft, some fun facts about both the npm and GitHub and the few highlights of the announcement.</p>
<h2 id="how-the-git-hub-and-npm-are-the-two-most-popular-platforms-in-the-open-source-world"><a href="#how-the-git-hub-and-npm-are-the-two-most-popular-platforms-in-the-open-source-world">How the GitHub and npm are the two most popular platforms in the OpenSource world?</a></h2>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/yancy-min-842ofHC6MaI-unsplash_6D9pwvDZp.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="github" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<p style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: #f5f5f5;">Photo by&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000;"><a style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;" href="https://unsplash.com/@yancymin?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Yancy Min</a><span style="font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: #f5f5f5;">&nbsp;on&nbsp;</span><a style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;" href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/github?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></span></p>
<p>GitHub is the world's most popular platform providing git features.&nbsp; GitHub founded in 2008, and it is written in <a href="https://github.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">their home page</a> "More than 2.1 million businesses and organizations use GitHub" which includes most<span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;"> of the large open-source projects like VSCode, AngularJS, ReactJS, VueJS. Later GitHub announced to let users create private repositories with three collaborators asides from the owner to the non-premium users causes increased in new code-bases, that was previously for premium users. Everyone was expecting a lot more from the GitHub. Then GitHub released its <a href="https://github.com/mobile" target="_blank" rel="noopener">new mobile app (iOS and android)</a>, to let the user do basic things, like merge the PR, code reviews, tracking the issues etc. And later comes this news.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;"><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/paul-esch-laurent-oZMUrWFHOB4-unsplash_8FPkGVbTb.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="npm" width="100%" height="auto"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: #f5f5f5;">Photo by&nbsp;</span><a style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #000000; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;" href="https://unsplash.com/@pinjasaur?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Paul Esch-Laurent</a><span style="font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: #f5f5f5;">&nbsp;on&nbsp;</span></span><a style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #767676; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;" href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/npm?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText"><span style="color: #000000;">Unsplash</span></a></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;">npm is the default package manager of nodeJS. You can manage your packages here, and distribute with the world or make it private to you or your firm. It is in the market for ten years, and have become the mainstream for javascript packages distribution platform. There would hardly be any JavaScript developer who hasn't used npm. Nat Friedman, the CEO of the Microsoft GitHub said in his <a href="https://github.blog/2020-03-16-npm-is-joining-github/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">npm acquisition announcement blog</a>, "</span>The work of the npm team over the last ten years, and the contributions of hundreds of thousands of open source developers and maintainers, have made npm home to over 1.3 million packages with 75 billion downloads a month."&nbsp;</p>
<h2 id="microsoft-steps-into-the-open-source-world"><a href="#microsoft-steps-into-the-open-source-world">Microsoft steps into the Open Source world</a></h2>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/johny-vino-R54V69BN0MI-unsplash_VhgoYQq9s.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<p style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: #34495e;"><span style="font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: #f5f5f5;">Photo by&nbsp;</span><a style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #34495e; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;" href="https://unsplash.com/@johnyvino?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Johny vino</a><span style="font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: #f5f5f5;">&nbsp;on&nbsp;</span></span><a style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #767676; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;" href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/microsoft?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText"><span style="color: #34495e;">Unsplash</span></a></p>
<p>Two years from now, in 2018, Microsoft acquired over the GitHub in $7.5 billion. This step was highly appreciated as well as criticized by the community. Some was expecting that more features would become paid while some was expecting the opposite, but as I told above, later they even made some paid features (creating private repositories) free. Visual studio code is one of the most popular IDEs in the market. It has recorded as the <a href="https://octoverse.github.com/#top-and-trending-projects" target="_blank" rel="noopener">most contribution last year made was in this project</a>, which is another significant achievement of Microsoft in the OpenSource community. With this step too, many critics of Microsoft from the OpenSource family appreciated Microsoft.</p>
<h2 id="the-big-announcement-from-the-ceo-nat-friedman"><a href="#the-big-announcement-from-the-ceo-nat-friedman">The Big Announcement from the CEO, Nat Friedman</a></h2>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/the-announcement_CagMQlxjv.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="the-announcement" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<p style="text-align: right;"><span style="color: #34495e;"><span style="font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: #f5f5f5;">Photo by&nbsp;</span><a style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #34495e; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;" href="https://unsplash.com/@matwag?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Matthias Wagner</a><span style="font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: #f5f5f5;">&nbsp;on&nbsp;</span></span><a style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #767676; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;" href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/conference?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText"><span style="color: #34495e;">Unsplash</span></a></p>
<p>On Monday, 16th March 2020, Nat shared a blog on <a href="https://github.blog" target="_blank" rel="noopener">github.blog</a>, "I'm excited to announce that GitHub has signed an agreement to acquire npm." That was a game-changer announcement. JavaScript is the most used language contributed in the projects on GitHub that made it the hub have the majority of JavaScript developers. So acquiring npm by GitHub is an excellent gift to all the JavaScript developers around the world, contributing in the OpenSource projects. He added, "We at GitHub are honoured to be part of the next chapter of npm's story and to help npm continue to scale to meet the needs of the fast-growing JavaScript community." Everyone looking for the plans of npm with GitHub, let's see, what are some key points mentioned by Nat.</p>
<h2 id="future-plans-for-npm-and-git-hub"><a href="#future-plans-for-npm-and-git-hub">Future Plans for npm and GitHub</a></h2>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/future-plans-of-github-and-npm_M0WV9JaL8.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="Future plans of GitHub and npm" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<p>Nat said that npm will always remain free for the users. Besides and most exciting and expected thing of this deal is, that npm is going to be integrated with the GitHub, that may bring lots of new features. Aside from that, he added three bullet points.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Invest in the registry infrastructure and platform:&nbsp;</strong>As the npm is growing with the team, the resources are also needed to be upgraded and require investment. It will become faster and scalable.</li>
<li><strong>Improve the core experience: </strong>We are going to have a lot of new features, reliable and other things. One of the popular is <a href="https://github.com/npm/rfcs/blob/de8d71c0453f5cf443d3ef2f47e313f12dd6aaf9/accepted/0000-workspaces.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener">workspaces</a>, which is requested by the community for a long time. Let's see what else exciting stuff we'll get into the menu.</li>
<li><strong>Engage with the community:&nbsp;</strong>Now as the npm is Microsoft backed, we can expect things will be in pace, better response from the community and rapid feature requests implementations.</li>
</ul>
<p>Well, the amount of the deal is not disclosed from any party, but at the end of the day, we JavaScript developers will have to a lot of things.</p>

The acquisition of the npm by Microsoft Github. npm is the default package manager for nodeJS, while GitHub which is already acquired by Microsoft is a platform that provides git services.

Microsoft GitHub has now acquired the npm; Most popular Javascript package manager

google-lite.jpg_pOfkZ1Vis.jpg

<p>Google released its built-in optimization feature named Data Saver officially in January 2014. It renamed the feature to “Lite Mode” and kept it for Android devices only since March 2019. The feature is meant to reduce the data usage on your mobile device by loading web pages which are compressed by the Google servers.</p>
<p>As the Data Saver feature is deprecated, let's talk about the Lite Mode which is Android-only and not available on the desktop version of Chrome.</p>
<h2 id="the-feature"><a href="#the-feature">The Feature</a></h2>
<p>Aiming to reduce the network data usage, Google initially launched it as an extension to Chrome desktop, and later removed it. The feature also gives an option to see how much data was saved using Lite mode. Below is the screenshot of a phone which used 1.01 GB of data in a week and saved 209 MB of data which is around 20% of savings. It also shows what websites were visited and the data saved on browsing.</p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/google-lite-mode_Els3vvs5u.jpg" alt="Google Lite Feature" width="500" height="982"></p>
<p>This feature uses the standard Transparent Proxy to see the URL requests, forward the requests to the servers on behalf of the client, download the webpage to its servers, compress it and sends the data back to the user which is of lesser size than the original one. We have tried to differentiate between the regular browsing and Lite Mode browsing with the below diagram.</p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/Normal_Bropwsing_k0Hvqjw5K.png" alt="Normal Browsing" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<p><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/Lite_Mode_Browsing_with_Chrome_jR7uwY7ohC.png" alt="Lite Mode Browsing with Chrome" width="100%" height="auto"></p>
<p>In times of mobile network, where 4G internet data is highly chargeable, this is an efficient feature that reduces data usage with a significant margin without making a compromise with the quality of information or time taken to load the webpage. However, does it all come at the cost of privacy?</p>
<h2 id="privacy-and-security"><a href="#privacy-and-security">Privacy and Security</a></h2>
<p>Let's start with the very beginning of Google Chrome set up on your phone.</p>
<p>The second option gives you the option to <strong>disable</strong> Lite Mode. You're right, it is enabled by default. This is the first step where you can know if there is such a feature in Chrome and understand how it works. A conscious user will go through all the details of the feature and then choose to enable or disable this feature.</p>
<p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/Browse_fast_with_less_data_q_IK_EnqN.jpg" alt="Browse fast with less data" width="500" height="972"></p>
<p>The good thing is Google shows you if a website is loaded with "Lite Mode" you'll see the flash icon beside your browser address bar.</p>
<p>The first major privacy challenge is that Google collects the URLs you're using, although passing through its web servers, its servers can also see and download the content you're browsing. According to Google Chrome Whitepaper, Chrome doesn't send the user input information such as cookies or personal data.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.google.com/chrome/privacy/whitepaper.html#datacompression">https://www.google.com/chrome/privacy/whitepaper.html#datacompression</a></p>
<p>The second major security challenge arrives with the use of HTTPS websites which are supposed to be TLS encrypted connections with the destination servers. If you're accessing SSL secured websites such as Facebook or Twitter, how does “Lite-Mode” handle that?</p>
<h2 id="the-curse-of-ssl-proxy"><a href="#the-curse-of-ssl-proxy">The curse of SSL Proxy</a></h2>
<p>The transparent proxy servers are the epitome of end-user helplessness, as there is no way you can control if you want to be intercepted by the Network owners or not. The intercepting devices are sitting on the pathway between your device and the internet/webserver. When using an SSL session, the only thing visible is the website domain of the webserver you're accessing. For example, you may be browsing groups, uploading pics, and status, etc on your Facebook, but a network sniffer can only see that you have an encrypted channel with <strong>facebook.com</strong>. So, in order for Lite Mode to work, it needs to decrypt that channel. How does it do that? Like every other SSL Proxy:</p>
<p>An SSL proxy catches every packet from the beginning and relays the information with the webserver, and ultimately creates the same symmetric-key which is used by both parties to decrypt/encrypt the web traffic. This is achieved by the Chrome Proxy servers to pose as the actual web servers and generating a pseudo-certificate with the domain of the intended web server. This is well explained by network giant Juniper documentation - <a href="https://www.juniper.net/documentation/en_US/junos/topics/topic-map/security-ssl-proxy.html#ssl-proxy-graphic">https://www.juniper.net/documentation/en_US/junos/topics/topic-map/security-ssl-proxy.html#ssl-proxy-graphic</a></p>
<p>So, an SSL proxy server sees all the communication between the client and web server which is supposed to be encrypted and not to be seen by a third party. An SSL Proxy server is generally used by restricted campuses, or where the user intentionally configures an explicit proxy to be used in order to achieve anonymity with the webserver.</p>
<p>The HTTPs websites' cached pages are served by Google with its own domain means that you're not visiting the websites intended, but the Google web server which downloaded and page and served to you. This raises the question of conscious of the information you're being served by Google Lite Mode proxy.</p>
<p>Google claims that the information provided through Lite Mode pages are not changed while serving the web pages. However, does the actual website owner agree with this clause? Is it agreed with the webserver that their pages are cached on Google servers for 14 days and are served to the end-users? Do they still hold the ownership and accountability of the data being served by Lite servers?</p>
<p>So far, we have not read or heard the owners of the website providing a clause or agreement related to their web pages being served by Google. In case of a variety of information in such cases, who can behold accountably? Google who is actually sending that information, or the webserver from where the information was originated?</p>
<p>Despite Google's intention and claims, the problem resides in the default turned-on feature and their ability to peek through all the data if Lite Mode is enabled.</p>
<p>Please do write us back if you have more information about this topic or would like to correct mistakes. We're always open to suggestions and corrections to keep the best of information to the users.</p>
<p>Write to us at <span style="font-size: 16.0pt; font-family: 'Segoe UI',sans-serif;"><a href="mailto:sirajalam049@gmail.com">sirajalam049@gmail.com</a></span></p>

An overview of Privacy and Security concerns of Lite Mode

An overview of Privacy and Security concerns of the Google Lite Mode

Google Lite: The Unwanted Proxy

react-redux-hooks-with-typescript.jpg_cXMvpJ6Gu7.jpg

<p>It's been more than a year since <strong>React</strong> introduced <strong><a href="https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-intro.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hooks</a></strong>. Many popular libraries that used ReactJS like React-Router, <strong><a title="React Redux" href="https://react-redux.js.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">React-Redux</a></strong>, Material UI, etc. now support hooks and functional components<strong> </strong>and their type definition. But Today in this article, I will show you the new way of accessing redux store and dispatch in your functional component with <strong>strictly typed code in typescript</strong> without using any <a title="higher order components" href="https://reactjs.org/docs/higher-order-components.html#___gatsby" target="_blank" rel="noopener">higher-order components</a>, and compare how the <strong>redux hooks useDispatch and&nbsp;useSelector</strong> reduced a huge pile of <a title="boilerplate" href="../../definitions/boilerplate">boilerplate</a> code.</p>
<p>So to use redux hooks in react using typescript's strictly type definition, you just have to import useDispatch and useSelector. You don't need to provide explicit dispatch type and useSelector takes two types, one is complete store type and the other is the state you want to pick from the store. You can define it as <code>type IStateProps = Pick&lt;TReduxStore, "user"&gt;;</code> to define the second type of argument.</p>
<p>Check the below examples of both functional and class components and later detailed use of both hooks useDispatch and useSelector.</p>
<hr>
<p>Related Article: <a title="Latest Features of Typescript 2020 release" href="../../blog/latest-features-of-typescript-3-8-2020-release" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Latest Features of Typescript 2020 Release</a></p>
<section>
<h2 id="react-redux-hooks-class-vs-functional-components"><a href="#react-redux-hooks-class-vs-functional-components">React Redux hooks: Class vs Functional Components</a></h2>
<figure><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/what-are-react-hooks_ATUe2od3Z.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="react-redux-hooks?" width="100%" height="auto">
<figcaption><span style="color: #111111; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: #f5f5f5;">Photo by&nbsp;</span><a style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #767676; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;" href="https://unsplash.com/@chuttersnap?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">chuttersnap</a><span style="color: #111111; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: #f5f5f5;">&nbsp;on&nbsp;</span><a style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #767676; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;" href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/hook?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>I will take an example in typescript and show you how the store state access and redux action dispatch work differently in class-based and functional components and what their differences will be.</p>
<p>(See the complete code on <a title="Code Sandbox" href="https://codesandbox.io/s/hooks-with-react-redux-example-using-with-typescript-to-reduce-the-react-boilerplate-3lu3b)" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Code Sandbox</a>)</p>
<p>I'm writing a simple class component and a functional component that renders the name of a user. First, we dispatch the user's name, and next, we select the name from the redux store in the component to display it in the element.</p>
</section>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>import * as React from "react";
import { connect } from "react-redux";
import { TReduxStore, TDispatch } from "./types";
import { AxiosPromise } from "axios";
import { getUser } from "./action";

type IStateProps = Pick&lt;TReduxStore, "user"&gt;;

interface IDispatchProps {
  getUser: (id: string) =&gt; AxiosPromise;
}

interface IProps extends IStateProps, IDispatchProps {}

class ShowUser extends React.Component&lt;IProps&gt; {
  componentDidMount() {
    this.props.getUser("1");
  }

  render() {
    const { user } = this.props;
    return !user ? "Loading..." : &lt;div&gt;User Name: {user.name}&lt;/div&gt;;
  }
}

const mapStateToProps = (state: TReduxStore): IStateProps =&gt; ({
  user: state.user
});

const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch: TDispatch): IDispatchProps =&gt; ({
  getUser: id =&gt; dispatch(getUser(id))
});

export default connect(
  mapStateToProps,
  mapDispatchToProps
)(ShowUser);
</code></pre>
<section>
<p>Above is the <a href="https://react-redux.js.org/api/connect" target="_blank" rel="noopener">traditional way of connecting your ReactJS component with the redux</a>. You must write that much code to request and display the user name. Now let's see the same thing in the functional component with typescript.</p>
</section>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>import * as React from "react";
import { useSelector, useDispatch } from "react-redux";
import { TReduxStore, TDispatch } from "./types";
import { getUser } from "./action";

type IStateProps = Pick&lt;TReduxStore, "user"&gt;;

const ShowUser: React.FC = props =&gt; {
  const dispatch = useDispatch&lt;TDispatch&gt;();

  const { user } = useSelector&lt;TReduxStore, IStateProps&gt;(state =&gt; ({
    user: state.user
  }));

  React.useEffect(() =&gt; {
    dispatch(getUser("1"));
  }, [dispatch]);

  return !user ? &lt;div&gt;"Loading..."&lt;/div&gt; : &lt;div&gt;User Name: {user.name}&lt;/div&gt;;
};

export default ShowUser;
</code></pre>
<section>
<p>As you can see, using useSelector and useDispatch hooks, the number of lines was reduced to almost half. I'm considering you're using the class component, so I'm not explaining that snippet. So I'm just explaining the <strong>FunctionalComponent.tsx</strong> below.</p>
</section>
<h2 id="use-use-dispatch-and-use-selector-react-redux-hooks-in-your-functional-component"><a href="#use-use-dispatch-and-use-selector-react-redux-hooks-in-your-functional-component">Use useDispatch and useSelector react-redux hooks in your functional component.</a></h2>
<p>Let's see one by one how to use the <strong><a title="use of useDispatch hook" href="https://react-redux.js.org/api/hooks#usedispatch" target="_blank" rel="noopener">useDispatch</a></strong> and the <a title="use of useSelector hook" href="https://react-redux.js.org/api/hooks#useselector-examples" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>useSelector</strong></a> to dispatch and select the data from the redux store with typescript</p>
<figure><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/use-dispatch-and-use-selector_ng2RpmM1L.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="How to use useDispatch and useSelector in react redux typescript" width="100%" height="auto">
<figcaption><span style="color: #111111; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: #f5f5f5;">Photo by&nbsp;</span><a style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #767676; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;" href="https://unsplash.com/@chris_j_scott?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Chris Scott</a><span style="color: #111111; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: #f5f5f5;">&nbsp;on&nbsp;</span><a style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: #f5f5f5; color: #767676; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, opacity 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; text-decoration-skip-ink: auto; font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, 'San Francisco', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Ubuntu, Roboto, Noto, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;" href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/hook?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption>
</figure>
<ul>
<li>
<h3 id="use-dispatch"><a href="#use-dispatch">useDispatch</a></h3>
<p>useDispatch hook used to get the <strong>redux</strong> dispatch function in your functional component or hook. It takes a <a title="generic type" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/generics.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">generic type</a> of data dispatch and takes in its parameters. Usually, it is <code>{type: string, payload?: any}</code> but as I'm redux-thunk here, so its type is <code>ThunkDispatch&lt;TReduxStore, {}, TAction&gt;;</code> where <code>TReduxStore</code> is the type of the store and <code>TAction</code> is <code>{type: string, payload?: any}</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="use-selector"><a href="#use-selector">useSelector</a></h3>
<p>As its name suggests, it gives you the functionality of selecting the data from your <strong>redux store</strong>. It takes one parameter, which is a callback, where it passes the whole <strong>redux</strong> state, and you return the data you want to select from it. So the callback function looks like below.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>function (state) {
    return ({
        user: state.user
    })
}</code></pre>
<p>The same thing I have written is in the flat arrow function format in the typescript functional component. It takes two types in its generic type. One is the type of your redux store, and the second is the type you want to select from the store. In my codes, it is represented by <code>TReduxStore</code> and <code>IStateProps</code> respectively.</p>
</li>
</ul>

<p>React Best practices of using redux hooks using typescript in your react application</p>

React Redux hooks in Typescript

React best practices of using redux hooks using typescript in your react application

A guide to using React hooks in redux using typescript

Typescript_3.8_Latest_Features_2020.jpg_scREnHH2z.jpg

<p>It is Feb 2020, and a few days back <strong>TypeScript</strong> released it's 3.8 version which you can <a title="Download TypeScript 3.8" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-8.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">download now</a>, till now it was on beta. I was reading their <a title="3.8 Release Notes" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-8.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">release Notes</a> and thought on sharing with you guys descriptively with different use cases.</p>
<p>I'll explain the <strong>top 5 TypeScript 3.8 features</strong> mentioned in the Feb 2020 <strong>release notes</strong> one by one with examples. So let's begin</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2 id="1-type-only-imports-and-exports"><a href="#1-type-only-imports-and-exports">1. Type-Only Imports and Exports</a></h2>
<p>A new <code>import-export</code> syntax introduced where users can import and export only types.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>import type { SomeType } from "somefile";

export type {SomeType}</code></pre>
<p><code>import type</code> import only types and declaration similarly <code>export type</code> only export types and declaration. Now it seems a little of no use, as we can simply import types using <a title="ECMAScript" href="../definitions/ecma">ECMAScript</a> <code>import</code> statement when a type-specific import statement? So the answer is, when you write an import statement, it loaded that module, but when importing only types or declaration, we don't want the module to be loaded as those types are only required before compilation and absolutely useless at runtime.</p>
<p>So type-only imports and exports are added, keeping in mind the above scenario, so they always get fully erased at run time and won't load unnecessary modules. But in case you don't want this behavior, then you can change it using <code>importsNotUsedAsValues</code> <a title="compiler option" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/compiler-options.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">compiler option</a>.</p>
<p>You have to be careful when importing some class as a type because in that case, it won't be used as the value. See the example below</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>import type { Component } from "react";

interface FooComponentProps {
    // ...
}

class FooComponent extends Component&lt;FooComponentProps&gt; {
//                         ~~~~~~~~~
    // error! 'Component' only refers to a type, but is being used as a value here.

    // ...
}</code></pre>
<p>Here <a title="Component" href="https://reactjs.org/docs/glossary.html#components" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Component</a> is being imported as a type but being used as a value, that causes an error. So you have to use the ECMAScript import statement.</p>
<h2 id="2-ecma-script-private-fields"><a href="#2-ecma-script-private-fields">2. ECMAScript Private Fields</a></h2>
<p>If you're aware of&nbsp;<a style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;" href="https://github.com/tc39/proposal-class-fields/#private-fields" target="_blank" rel="noopener">class private fields</a> in ECMAScript 2019, so they were not yet supported in the TS version &lt; 3.7. But in this release, private fields are also supported. You can read <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/59641564/what-are-the-differences-between-the-private-keyword-and-private-fields-in-types" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the difference between keyword and private fields</a>. A simple example of it below.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>class MyClass {
    #privateData: string;

    constructor(someValue: string) {
        this.#privateData = someValue;
    }
}

const MyClassObj = new MyClass('TypeScript');

MyClassObj.#privateData;
//         ~~~~~~~~~~~~
// Property '#privateData' is not accessible outside class 'MyClass' because it has a private identifier.(18013)</code></pre>
<h2 id="3-export-as-something-syntax"><a href="#3-export-as-something-syntax">3. export * as something Syntax</a></h2>
<p>Whenever we have to import all the exported members of a module, we use the following syntax</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>import * as React from "react";</code></pre>
<p>but this wasn't possible on the export side, till TS 3.7. So a workaround of it was.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>import * as React from "react";

export { React };</code></pre>
<p>But now typescript supports it as <a href="../definitions/ecma">ECMA</a> added this specification in ECMAScript 2020. See Example below.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>export * as React from "react";</code></pre>
<h2 id="4-top-level-await"><a href="#4-top-level-await">4. Top-Level await</a></h2>
<p>If you're aware of <a title="Async-Await" href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-1-7.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">async-await</a>, then you know that to use the await keyword, we use the async keyword.</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>async function showNames() {
    const names = await fetchNames().catch(error =&gt; { throw error });
    console.log({names});
}</code></pre>
<p>So it wasn't possible to use await in the top-level (outside any function), it is also now supported by TS 3.8 and in upcoming ECMAScript. But it can only be used inside a <a href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/modules.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">module</a>, so if your file is not a module you can <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/56577201/why-is-isolatedmodules-error-fixed-by-any-import/56577324" target="_blank" rel="noopener">write&nbsp;<code><span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;">export { }</span></code> to make it a module and pass the <code>isolatedModules</code> compile check</a>. An example is below:</p>
<pre class="language-typescript"><code>const names = await fetchNames();
console.log({names})</code></pre>
<p>You also have to set the target compiler option is <code>es2017</code> or above, and the module is <code>esnext</code> or system.&nbsp;</p>
<h2 id="5-js-docs-property-modifiers"><a href="#5-js-docs-property-modifiers">5. JSDocs Property Modifiers</a></h2>
<p>This release allows you to use JavaScript files (<a href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/compiler-options.html#compiler-options" target="_blank" rel="noopener">allowJs flag</a>) with type-checks. For that, it is using <a href="https://jsdoc.app/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">JSDocs</a>, tags which allow some flags and tags in the comment just above the code line. For example, below is a JS file code.</p>
<pre class="language-javascript"><code>// @ts-check

class Foo {
    constructor() {
        /** @private */
        this.stuff = 100;
    }

    printStuff() {
        console.log(this.stuff);
    }
}

new Foo().stuff;
//        ~~~~~
// error! Property 'stuff' is private and only accessible within class 'Foo'.</code></pre>
<p>So, here even this is a JS file, we can allow TS to compile it based on the JSDocs tags.</p>
<p>For now, only a few JSDocs tags are supported which are <code>@public</code>, <code>@private</code>, <code>@protected</code> and <code>@readonly</code>. This is very useful when you start to code in some old JS projects and miss the TS environment.</p>
<p>Thanks for reading this article, if you find any missing information or misinformation, please let know to correct it at <a href="mailto:mailto(sirajalam049@gmail.com)" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sirajalam049@gmail.com</a></p>

Latest Typescript 3.8 release of Feb 2020 key features with examples and code snippets.

New Typescript 3.8 release of Feb 2020 key features with examples and code snippets.

Latest Features of Typescript 3.8 2020 release

moment-bs-day-js-react.jpg_wz-7x1RZs.jpg

<p style="text-align: left;">If you're reading this article, it means you've come out of a phase where you've started to look at the size of the package instead of installing it just because it is popular and does your job. In this article, I will compare <strong><a title="momentjs" href="https://momentjs.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">momentjs</a> vs <a title="dayjs" href="https://day.js.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">dayjs</a></strong> in many aspects. And tell you how and when <strong>dayjs is a better alternative to momentjs.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">A few days back I was optimizing the size of one of my old react projects, and I saw moment import which I don't use nowadays, so I decided to write an article on this showing why you should consider <strong>dayjs</strong> shouldn't use <strong>momentjs</strong> just because you want to show date as <em>9 March, 20 </em>instead of <em>09/03/2020</em>.</p>
<h2 id="why-momentjs-first-of-all-master-of-time" style="text-align: left;"><a href="#why-momentjs-first-of-all-master-of-time">&nbsp;Why momentjs first of all? - Master of Time </a></h2>
<figure><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/tr:n-blog_in_content/maxresdefault_9icg3BAX4M.jpg" alt="" width="100%" height=""></figure>
<p><strong>MomentJS</strong> is one of the most popular and oldest date-related libraries. It has around <a title="momentjs github" href="https://github.com/moment/moment/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">43k GitHub stars</a> and is being used by around 1.3m GitHub repositories. It is most popular because of its rich and simple APIs for <a href="https://momentjs.com/docs/#/displaying/format/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">date and time formatting and manipulation</a> and multi-platform compatibility and if anyone needs date/time formatting or manipulation, <strong>momentjs</strong> come first in mind. Maybe that is one of the reasons why everyone prefers momentjs in the first place, even in my company, they prefer momentjs as there's no alternative with such sweet APIs, and even it may not be popular as as momentjs. So no one dares to think anything beyond momentjs. But there are reasons why one has to consider and look beyond. In the next section, let's see why momentjs became the point of debate and how the need for some <strong>alternative</strong> felt.</p>
<h2 id="why-one-shouldn-t-use-moment-js-then"><a href="#why-one-shouldn-t-use-moment-js-then">Why one shouldn't use momentJS then?</a></h2>
<figure><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/time_H-6WZ3TzdZ.jpg?tr=n-lg" alt="momentjs" width="100%" height="auto">
<figcaption>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@sonnnchen?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Sonja Punz</a> on<a href="https://unsplash.com/?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>It's a trade-off, with such great features comes great <strong>cost</strong>.</p>
<p>I'm using the <a title="VSCode Import Cost" href="https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=wix.vscode-import-cost" target="_blank" rel="noopener">VSCode Import Cost</a> extension to check the import cost of each library, and it is showing 136 KBs, which is the most expensive library I'm using right now, much more than <a title="MaterialUI" href="https://material-ui.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">MaterialUI</a> which costs me 80 kBs. While the material-UI is the most used package. In every jsx/tsx file, you'll see at least one import from material-UI.<br>So the question is, is it worth it? Is it doing that much work that I pay more than 130 kBs? Some applications only need to format the date while some application shows the time to the current time, like showing the timing of some events, is it being tomorrow, today or past, some bar is closed or when closing, etc. And some cases may also involve the timezone, which is a headache on its own. <span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;">The answer depends on application to application, and mostly we format the date, and a bit less frequently we do date manipulation.</span><span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;">So for only these work, &gt; 130 kBs is not a good deal, especially when your application is <a title="Search Engine Optimisation " href="definitions/seo-search-engine-optimization">SEO</a> demanding, everyone (me too) wants to load the application faster, I have applied many tactics to do so, and while optimizing the package size of my application, 130+ kBs caught my eyes. This has to be fixed.</span></p>
<h2 id="if-not-moment-js-then-what-alternative"><a href="#if-not-moment-js-then-what-alternative">If not momentJS then what alternative?</a></h2>
<figure><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/day-js_DIIhkzReR2.png" alt="Day-JS-Github-Cover" width="100%" height="auto">
<figcaption>Image Credit:<a href="https://github.com/iamkun/dayjs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DayJS GitHub</a></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>I came to know about a library that mainly focused on tackling exactly the same issue that I mentioned above, named <a title="Day JS" href="https://day.js.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DayJS</a>. The first two lines on their official documentation are</p>
<blockquote><strong>DayJS</strong> <br><strong>2kB JavaScript date utility library</strong></blockquote>
<p>They say,</p>
<blockquote>Day.js is a minimalist JavaScript library that parses, validates, manipulates, and displays dates and times for modern browsers with a largely Moment.js-compatible API. If you use Moment.js, you already know how to use Day.js.</blockquote>
<p><a title="https://github.com/iamkun/dayjs" href="https://github.com/iamkun/dayjs" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DayJS</a> becoming popular with 25.6k GitHub stars surpassing <a title="https://github.com/date-fns/date-fns" href="https://github.com/date-fns/date-fns" target="_blank" rel="noopener">date-fns</a> with 21.2k stars. I haven't used date-fns, so here I can't compare both. But of course some time. It is not only the size that makes it my choice, but also the APIs, that resemble momentjs. So it will be a very little pain for me to move from momentjs to dayjs. But just before moving, I made some comparisons for sizes and performance, as everyone says it is the best lib package in their documentation, but the reality comes when you start looking at the things yourself.</p>
<h2 id="moment-js-vs-day-js"><a href="#moment-js-vs-day-js">momentJS vs DayJS?</a></h2>
<figure><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/tr:n-blog_in_content/dayjs-versus-momentjs_K9ZZSejiE.jpg" alt="momentjs-vs-dayjs" width="100%">
<figcaption>Photo by&nbsp;<a href="https://unsplash.com/@jsnbrsc?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Jason Briscoe</a>&nbsp;on&nbsp;<a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/fight?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption>
</figure>
<hr>
<p>You may also like: <a title="Day JS CDN for free" href="../../blog/dayjs-cdn" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Day JS CDN for free</a></p>
<hr>
<p>So, for comparing momentJS with dayJS, I create three react projects using the command&nbsp;<code>npx <a title="create-react-app" href="../definitions/cra-create-react-app">create-react-app</a></code> with names <em>dayjs-example</em> and <em>momentjs-example</em> and <em>minimal</em>. <em>dayjs-example</em> is to test dayjs, and so on. minimal is just the empty <a title="boilerplate" href="../definitions/boilerplate">boilerplate</a> for reference to the other two projects.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<h3 id="import-cost"><a href="#import-cost">import cost</a></h3>
<p>I added import statements in the <code>App.js</code>&nbsp;created by&nbsp;<a title="create-react-app" href="../definitions/cra-create-react-app">React CLI</a>&nbsp;boilerplate and just called&nbsp;<code>format</code> functions for both in their corresponding projects and&nbsp;<code>minimal</code> is just <a title="boilerplate" href="../../definitions/boilerplate">boilerplate</a>, to compare how much each library causing the increase in size.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Import costs for dayJS<strong>&nbsp;showed 7.2K (gzipped: 3K)</strong>&nbsp;and for momentJS, it showed&nbsp;<strong>130.6K (gzipped: 48K).&nbsp;</strong>Here they show a huge difference, but these are just import costs, it may differ at the time of building depending on how each library has implemented imports and working of webpack according to the functions used in our code.</p>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="bundle-size"><a href="#bundle-size">Bundle Size</a></h3>
<p>Now next I just built all of the three projects to check how much they differ in the bundle size. And here is the result I got.</p>
<h4 id="day-js"><a href="#day-js">DayJS</a></h4>
<p>42.3 KB&nbsp; 2.1807f41e.chunk.js<br>778 B&nbsp; &nbsp; runtime-main.950151df.js<br>633 B&nbsp; &nbsp; main.1cb3d8cc.chunk.js<br>556 B&nbsp; &nbsp; main.d1b05096.chunk.css</p>
<h4 id="moment-js"><a href="#moment-js">MomentJS</a></h4>
<p>56.24 KB&nbsp; 2.891328c7.chunk.js<br><span style="font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;">783 B&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;runtime-main.5092e59c.js<br></span>635 B&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;main.c2cbbad2.chunk.js<br>556 B&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;main.d1b05096.chunk.css</p>
<h4 id="minimal-project-without-any-external-library-aside-from-boilerplate"><a href="#minimal-project-without-any-external-library-aside-from-boilerplate">Minimal Project (without any external library aside from boilerplate)</a></h4>
<p>39.84 KB&nbsp; 2.917d530d.chunk.js<br>768 B&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;runtime-main.bd245a24.js<br>608 B&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;main.a5ca775c.chunk.js<br>556 B&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;main.d1b05096.chunk.css</p>
<p>So here, the moment caused an increase of approx 16.4K and dayjs caused 2.46K which is a huge difference again. Momentjs caused around 8 times more size than the dayjs. It may vary on how many functions you use in your code from both libraries.</p>
</li>
<li>
<h3 id="performance"><a href="#performance">Performance</a></h3>
<p>Now, I'll show my results of testing the format functions for both momentjs and dayjs. I installed both momentjs and dayjs in my <em>minimal</em> project (size comparison is done). I wrote the following chunk of code in <code>App.js</code> function</p>
<pre class="language-javascript"><code>useEffect(() =&gt; {
	console.time('1');
	moment().format('DD-MM-YYYY');
	console.timeEnd('1');

	console.time('2');
	dayjs().format('DD-MM-YYYY');
	console.timeEnd('2');

}, []);​</code></pre>
<p>and the output of the following results as follows</p>
<pre class="language-javascript"><code>1: 2.2763671875ms
2: 1.260986328125ms​</code></pre>
<p>so it is seen that dayjs took around half of the time of momentjs for the same function.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="conclusion"><a href="#conclusion">Conclusion</a></h2>
<figure><img src="https://ik.imagekit.io/garbagevalue/tr:n-blog_in_content/conslusion_cBDHlNVmu.jpg" alt="momentjs-vs-dayjs-conclusion" width="100%">
<figcaption>Photo by&nbsp;<a href="https://unsplash.com/@kellysikkema?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Kelly Sikkema</a>&nbsp;on&nbsp;<a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/end?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption>
</figure>
<p>Now, the article concludes that <strong>dayjs is the lightweight alternative</strong> to momentjs.&nbsp;<strong>BUT </strong>again, dayjs can't replace momentjs completely, or we can say hasn't been replaced yet. Momentjs offers a lot of other things like timezone, which is not supported by dayjs yet. dayjs is a <strong>good replacement for momentjs</strong> for basic date transformations, display, formatting, etc. So it's all upon your requirements.<br>Thank you for reading. I hope you enjoyed it, if I missed anything or have any mistake in the <strong>comparison</strong> of both libraries, please let me know at <a href="mailto:('sirajalam049@gmail.com')" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sirajalam049@gmail.com</a></p>

<p>DayJS is the 2kb lightweight alternative of momentJS for basic transformations that's killing momentjs. Learn how they differ and how much DayJS is beneficial to use at the place of momentJS.</p>

DayJS: How 2kb date utility library taking over momentjs legacy

Learn how dayjs is the lightweight alternative of momentjs and a comparison between them through various aspects, bundle size, performance etc.

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